Fengqing Confucius Temple, Lincang
Chinese Name: 凤庆文庙
English Name: Fengqing Confucius Temple, Lincang
Fengqing Confucius Temple is a significant cultural relic in Yunnan Province, recognized as one of the key provincial reserved cultural sites since November 16, 1993. It holds the distinction of being the first Confucian temple in Western Yunnan, second only to the Confucian Temple in Jian Shui.
Historical Background
Fengqing Confucius Temple was constructed in 1606 during the 34th year of the Wang Li period of the Ming Dynasty. Originally located at the east foot of Tiger Mountain, south of the old county seat where Fengqing No. One Middle School now stands, the temple has undergone several repairs and relocations. It was moved twice, first in 1669 during the 8th year of the Kangxi period and again in 1873 during the 12th year of the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty.
The temple is now situated in the west of Fengqing County Seat, covering an area of 12,000 square meters. It is a grand complex with traditional Eastern architectural features, including the Pan Chi (a pool in front of the temple), the Gold Sound and Jade Shake Archway, Ling Xing Gate, Da Cheng Gate, the Southern and Northern Wing-rooms, Chong Sheng Feting Ancestral Hall, and Kui Xing Pavilion. Each structure is meticulously designed and laid out, reflecting the historical and cultural significance of the site.
Key Features
Pan Chi — The Pool in Front of the Temple
The Pan Chi, or “pool,” is inspired by the river pools outside imperial palaces, originally used for defensive purposes. In Fengqing Confucius Temple, the Pan Chi symbolizes the high honor given to Confucius, akin to that of emperors. The pool is 2.1 meters deep, 6.16 meters wide, and 11.6 meters long, shaped like a half-moon. It features stone railings with intricate carvings and is sometimes referred to as “Xue Hai” (the ocean of learning), emphasizing its role in the educational and cultural heritage of the temple.
Gold Sound and Jade Shake Archway — The Dragon Gate
The Dragon Gate, constructed during the Wang Li period of the Ming Dynasty, is adorned with four giant pillars carved with monstrous beasts, known as “Pi Tian Xie” or “Roaring to the Sky.” The archway’s side boards depict dragons playing with pearls in the clouds. The columns feature inscriptions such as “Han Shui” (The Han River) and “Qiu Yang” (The Autumn Sun) on the east, and “Jing Sheng” (Gold Sound) and “Yu Zheng” (Jade Shake) on the west. The Gold Sound symbolizes the enduring and harmonious nature of Confucian thought, while the Jade Shake represents success, echoing the story of the fish jumping over the Dragon Gate.
Ling Xing Gate
Ling Xing, also known as “Wengqu Xing,” is a star or constellation that controls the heavens. Naming the gate “Ling Xing Gate” signifies the high regard for Confucius, comparing his influence to that of a celestial body. The gate is supported by four main columns with stone bricks and features engraved flaming pearls. The horizontal tablets bear the characters “Ling Xing Meng,” written by Emperor Qing Long. The gate highlights the profound impact of Confucian thought on Chinese society.
Da Cheng Gate
Da Cheng Gate, the final gate of the temple, signifies “great achievements,” reflecting Mengzi’s praise of Confucius for integrating all historical achievements into his philosophy. The gate is flanked by “Yu Zheng Fan” (Jade Shake) on the left and “Jing Sheng Gate” (Gold Sound) on the right. Traditionally, the middle gate was only opened during sacrifices by the emperor or for top imperial examination graduates. It derives its name from Da Cheng Temple, emphasizing the esteemed status of Confucius.
Southern and Northern Wing-rooms
The Southern and Northern Wing-rooms, or galleries, flank Da Cheng Temple. These rooms were used to honor the 72 disciples of Confucius and other influential figures in Confucian thought.
Da Cheng Temple
As the main temple of the complex, Da Cheng Temple is the centerpiece of Fengqing Confucius Temple. Standing 16 meters high, 13 meters wide, and 18.1 meters long, it is renowned for its grandeur, alongside Tai He Temple in the Summer Palace and Luang Miao Song Tian Temple. The temple features the holy statue of Confucius and two couplets, one by Emperor Shi Zong and the other by Li Guowei, the current general secretary of Lincang city. A large bell from the Jia Qin period of the Qing Dynasty is located outside the temple, only rung during important festivals or by esteemed guests.
Chong Sheng Feting Ancestral Hall
Built in 1723 during the Yong Zheng period of the Qing Dynasty, Chong Sheng Feting Ancestral Hall was created to honor Confucius’ ancestors. It has served as a place for offering sacrifices to Confucius’ parents and his five generations of ancestors. The hall was repurposed as a “Literature and Art Hall” but was rebuilt in August 2006. Currently, a new statue of Confucius is being installed inside the hall.
Kui Xing Pavilion
Kui Xing Pavilion, also known as “Phoenix Chirping Pavilion,” was erected in 1892 during the Guang Xu period. The three-story pavilion stands 16 meters high and 11 meters wide, with a square base and hexagonal top. Located at the highest point of the County Seat, it offers panoramic views. The pavilion’s elegant design complements the temple’s historical ambiance. The surrounding grounds feature ancient pagoda trees, blooming camellias, and a pleasant fragrance of orchids, creating a serene atmosphere that evokes the educational spirit of Confucius.
Cultural Significance
Fengqing Confucius Temple embodies the traditional cultural and humanitarian values of Confucianism. Visiting the temple allows one to connect with the ancient sage and experience the enduring legacy of Confucian teachings. The architectural splendor and historical depth of the temple make it a living testament to the cultural heritage and educational principles of ancient China.
