Chinese Name:怒族桃花节
English Name:  Peach Blossom (Taohua) Festival of Nu Ethnic Minority

Introduction to the Peach Blossom (Taohua) Festival of the Nu Ethnic Minority

The Peach Blossom Festival, also known as the Taohua Festival, is an ancient and fascinating event celebrated by the Nu ethnic minority in Zhanatong Village, Bingzhongluo, which is located 44 kilometers north of Gongshan County, deep in the heart of the Three Parallel Rivers region. Covering an area of over 12,000 acres, Bingzhongluo is often referred to as the “little granary” of Gongshan County. This area is a picturesque and fertile plateau, surrounded by towering mountains, creating a stunning natural landscape that changes with the seasons—from a floral paradise in spring, lush greenery in summer, golden harvests in autumn, to snow-covered beauty in winter.

Bingzhongluo is surrounded by ten revered peaks, including Biluo Snow Mountain to the east, the majestic Stone Gate Gorge to the north, the towering Gaoligong Mountains and the sacred Kawakarpo Mountains flanking the Nujiang Gorge, and the Gongdang Sacred Mountain to the south. This creates a unique natural spectacle described as “mountains forming a city, rivers creating a pool,” which many consider the true Shangri-La and the peach blossom land along the Nujiang River.

The area is a cultural and religious melting pot, where multiple ethnic groups, such as the Nu, Lisu, Tibetan, and Dulong, coexist harmoniously, practicing various religions including Tibetan Buddhism, Catholicism, Christianity, and indigenous beliefs. This rich tapestry of faiths and cultures, coupled with the region’s breathtaking scenery, makes it a serene haven known as the “land where humans and gods live together.”

Significance of Festivals

Festivals are the epitome of a region’s cultural and historical essence, showcasing traditional music, dance, games, competitions, and food. For travelers, experiencing these festivals offers a unique glimpse into the local lifestyle and heritage, providing a stark contrast to their daily routines.

Gongshan’s ethnic charm is vivid and distinct, characterized by events such as the Dulong’s Kaqiowa Festival with its bull sacrifices, the Nu’s Fairy Festival with its holy water rituals, and the Peach Blossom Festival with its ghost-expelling and deity-worshipping ceremonies. Traditional foods like the Lisu’s hand-rolled rice and shared wine, and the Nu’s shala, stone slab pancakes, and lacquer oil chicken are irresistible delicacies. Unique practices like crossing vine bridges and zip lines further enhance the region’s wild and rich ethnic flavor, making it an unforgettable experience for visitors.

The Peach Blossom Festival

The Peach Blossom Festival is an ancient and intriguing celebration among the Nu people. During the festival, which coincides with the blooming of peach trees, Zhanatong Village transforms into a vibrant sea of pink blossoms, earning it the nickname “Peach Blossom Island.”

The festival attracts locals dressed in traditional attire and visitors from all over to Zhanatong Village for grand celebrations. The event typically begins with cultural performances by the Gongshan County Art Troupe and the Zhanatong Village Arts Team. Traditional activities follow, including chanting and deity worship, tying colorful ropes around the village for good fortune, Tibetan Buddhist rituals, ghost-expelling ceremonies for safety, and dancing the Guozhuang dance, alongside sports competitions.

According to local elders, the Peach Blossom Festival is primarily a tribute to the Nu ancestor, Baima. Traditionally, a Baima effigy made of roasted flour and adorned with peach blossoms is worshipped and then cast into the Nujiang River at the spot where Baima is said to have jumped into the river. This ritual commemorates Baima’s resistance against the introduction of Tibetan Buddhism and subsequent conflicts, culminating in her tragic end. Over time, this commemoration evolved into the Peach Blossom Festival, held annually on the tenth day of the second lunar month.

The festival involves unique rituals where villagers gather around a peach blossom effigy made of barley flour, led by an elder who chants and scatters barley on rooftops. After a series of rituals, villagers offer personal items, such as hair or coins, to the effigy, followed by a procession that concludes with casting the effigy into a designated spot, accompanied by fireworks.

Interestingly, the festival alternates annually between celebrating women and men, reflecting the village’s historical matriarchal society. During the women’s festival, weaving tools are hung on peach trees, while men’s tools like knives and crossbows are displayed during the men’s festival, showcasing a unique cultural heritage worth studying.

This year’s (2011) Peach Blossom Festival on March 14th is a women’s celebration, while next year’s will be a men’s festival. Such cultural traditions make the festival intriguing and are a must-see for anyone interested in ethnic customs. Visitors are warmly invited to join the festivities on the tenth day of the second lunar month next year in Zhanatong Village, Bingzhongluo, Gongshan, Nujiang, Yunnan.

Chinese Name:怒族贺新房
English Name:  New House Congratulations (Hexinfang) Ceremoney of Nu Ethnic Minority

The New House Congratulations Ceremony (Hexinfang) is a significant ritual among the Nu ethnic minority group in China, marking the completion and inauguration of a new house. This ceremony holds deep cultural and social importance, reflecting the Nu people’s traditions, beliefs, and community bonds.

Overview of the Ceremony

The Hexinfang ceremony typically takes place upon the completion of a new house, which may be constructed for various reasons such as marriage, childbirth, or other familial events. It serves as a communal celebration, bringing together family members, friends, and neighbors to bless the new dwelling and ensure its prosperity.

Rituals and Customs

1. House Construction and Preparation: Before the ceremony, the house is meticulously constructed following traditional architectural principles and craftsmanship. The layout and orientation of the house often adhere to cultural norms and beliefs regarding auspiciousness and harmony with nature.
2. Invitation of Guests: Family members and friends are invited to participate in the ceremony, which may include elders and community leaders who play significant roles in the proceedings.
3. Offerings and Blessings: During the ceremony, offerings such as food, wine, and other symbolic items are presented to ancestral spirits and deities to seek blessings for the household’s future prosperity, health, and happiness.
4. Traditional Performances: Cultural performances, such as folk dances, singing of traditional songs, and recitation of poetry, are integral parts of the ceremony. These performances not only entertain but also serve to honor and preserve the Nu ethnic identity and heritage.
5. Feasting and Celebration: Following the rituals and performances, a communal feast is held where participants share traditional dishes and engage in joyful celebrations. This feast fosters unity and reinforces social ties within the community.
6. Symbolism and Meaning: The Hexinfang ceremony symbolizes continuity, unity, and the transmission of cultural values across generations. It reaffirms the Nu people’s connection to their ancestral lands and traditions while embracing changes and new beginnings in life.

Conclusion

The New House Congratulations Ceremony (Hexinfang) of the Nu ethnic minority is a vibrant expression of cultural identity and communal spirit. It underscores the significance of home, family, and community in Nu society, celebrating not only the physical structure of a new house but also the social bonds and cultural heritage that define their way of life.

Overview

Chinese Name:怒族新米节
English Name: New Rice (Xinmi) Festival of Nu Ethnic Minority

The Nu Ethnic Minority’s New Rice Festival is a traditional celebration among the Nu people in the Lanping area. This festival typically occurs annually after the rice harvest, serving as a significant event to celebrate the bountiful harvest and express gratitude to the spirits. The Nu Ethnic Minority’s New Rice Festival is a traditional occasion for the Nu people to celebrate the rice harvest. Rice holds a crucial place in Nu culture, making the festival not only a celebration of abundance but also an expression of gratitude towards the land and spirits.

Festival Date

The date of the Nu Ethnic Minority’s New Rice Festival is usually determined each year after the rice has ripened, based on the lunar calendar or local customs.

Festival Activities

• Harvesting and Pounding Rice: On the festival day, each household cuts rice from their mature fields and pounds it into fresh rice.
• Ritual Offerings: The festival begins with ritual ceremonies to thank the spirits for their blessings and the successful harvest.
• Feasting and Food Preparation: Families slaughter a chicken, feeding its meat and the new rice to their dogs before enjoying the meal together.
• Family Banquets: During the festival, families prepare sumptuous feasts where new rice is the main dish, complemented by various local delicacies.
• Dance and Song Performances: Festivities may also include dance and song performances to enhance the joyful atmosphere.

Cultural Significance

The Nu Ethnic Minority’s New Rice Festival is not only a celebration of harvest but also a reflection of Nu culture and traditional ways of life. Through this festival, the Nu people uphold and promote their cultural identity, while strengthening family and community cohesion.

The festival underscores people’s dependence on and gratitude towards nature, serving as an integral part of Nu culture. It perpetuates beliefs and traditions, celebrating harvests and praying for future prosperity.

Chinese Name:怒族祭山林节
English Name: Mountain Forest Worship (Jishanlin) Festival of Nu Ethnic Minority

Mountain Forest Festival Overview: This festival is observed by the Nu ethnic group (self-called “Ruo Rou” people) residing in Tu’e District, Lanping County, Yunnan Province, as a ritual to worship the forests they live among. The festival typically takes place in the lush months of June and July when trees are in full leaf.

During the ceremony, the entire clan participates, excluding members of other ethnic groups. They gather in a forest area revered as the “sacred forest” on the mountainside. Led by a shaman, they sacrifice a black sheep to pray for the protection of the forest, warding off pests, wildfires, and other hazards, and ensuring the healthy growth of the trees. After the ritual, the sheep is cooked on-site and shared among the participants.

Festival Date: Held on the 4th and 5th days of the first lunar month.

Locations: This festival is observed in various locations including Fugong County, Gongshan Dulong and Nu Autonomous County, Lanping Bai and Pumi Autonomous County, all in Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province, and in Weixi Lisu Autonomous County of Deqen Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture.

Festival Features: This event is exclusively for male participants, and the sacrificial animal is a black sheep.

Celebration: The ritual is presided over by a shaman, and villagers sacrifice a black sheep to the gods and ancestral trees, praying for favorable weather and a bountiful harvest. After the ceremony, the community gathers to cook and share the sheep under the sacred trees; the meat cannot be taken home. The villagers not only strictly prohibit logging in the sacred forest but also hunting around the ceremonial grounds. Thus, this ancient and simple ritual contributes to the lushness of the forests surrounding the villages, conserving the mountains and protecting the villages.

This festival showcases the Nu people’s deep respect for nature and their efforts to maintain ecological balance through traditional rituals.

Overview

• Chinese Name:怒族祭谷神
• English Name: Jigushen Festival of Nu Ethnic Minority
• Location: Pijiang area of Bijiang, inhabited by the Nu ethnic group
• Time: December 29th of the lunar calendar
• Participants: Only men (women and children are not allowed)

The Jiwei Festival is a traditional event among the Nu people, specifically those in the Pijiang area. It is held annually on the 29th day of the 12th lunar month to pray to the grain deity for a bountiful harvest in the coming year.

Activities

• Ritual Setting: Men from the village carry offerings to a pre-selected site. A shaman leads the ceremony, where they place a golden bamboo branch, a reed, and a green maple branch in the ground to conduct the rituals.
• Prayers: The shaman prays to the grain deity, asking for protection and a good harvest in the next year.
• Feast Preparation: After the prayers, a fire is lit, and food is prepared on-site. The offerings are then mixed with rice and shared among the participants.

Kua Ri Festival (夸日)

Meaning: “Striking the Plowshare”
Time: The day after Jiwei Festival

Activities

• Rain Prayer: The ritual involves the priest striking the plowshare first, followed by others in the community. This is done to pray to the rain deity for rain and peace.

Traditional Festivals of the Nu People

The Nu people celebrate several traditional festivals, including the New Year, the Flower Festival, Jiwei (Grain Deity Festival), and the Forest Festival. Among these, the New Year is the most festive and significant, marked by both grandeur and simplicity.

New Year Celebrations

• Preparations: At the end of the lunar month, families clean their courtyards, remove ash from the fire pits, and decorate doorways with pine branches. Green pine needles are spread on the ground and over kitchen utensils to symbolize the old being replaced by the new.
• New Year’s Eve: Families gather for a reunion dinner.
• New Year’s Day: Young men rush to fetch auspicious water from the well and pay respects to their elders, who then serve them wine, oil tea, and fried dough twists.
• Animal Offerings: The first meal of the New Year includes portions set aside for the household’s cows and dogs. Since cows do not eat meat, the owners open the cows’ mouths to pour in the offering.
• Communal Festivities: During the New Year, villagers slaughter pigs and sheep, exchange gifts, and invite relatives and friends for grand feasts.

Other Festivals

• Flower Festival (March 15th of the lunar calendar): Celebrated in spring.
• Jiwei Festival (December 29th of the lunar calendar): Focuses on grain deity worship.
• Forest Festival: Dedicated to forest worship and conservation.

Significance

These festivals not only celebrate agricultural cycles and ensure community bonding but also serve as a way to honor the natural world and their ancestors. The rituals and traditions reflect the Nu people’s deep connection to their environment and their gratitude for the blessings they receive.

Basic Introduction 

• Chinese Name: 怒族春节/吉佳姆/盍司节
• English Name: Jijiamu Festival of Nu Ethnic Minority
• Time: Held in the twelfth month of the lunar calendar
• Meaning: Celebrating the Lunar New Year
• Description:
  The Jijiamu Festival is a traditional Nu ethnic minority festival. “Jijiamu” is transliterated from the Nu language and means celebrating the Lunar New Year. The festival lasts for 15 days. Before the festival, people are busy pounding rice, making “baba” (a type of food), preparing alcohol, and slaughtering pigs for the New Year. On the thirtieth day of the lunar month, households clean thoroughly, removing all impurities to start the new year fresh. Before the reunion dinner on New Year’s Eve, a simple ritual is conducted.

• Popcorn is placed on a tripod over the fire, with meat and wine placed at each corner of the tripod, offering blessings for a prosperous new year with grain, meat, and wine. In some places, the festival is celebrated with roasting alcohol and slaughtering pigs, making it a lively occasion. During the festival, young men enjoy competing in crossbow shooting. They hang their own “baba” and meat on tree branches and shoot with crossbows from a designated distance; whoever hits the target claims the prize. Young women’s favorite activity is swinging on swings. They wear skirts with embroidered edges and adorn themselves with coral, agate, shells, silver coins, and small beads.
• Laughing and flying on swings under large trees, they resemble fluttering colorful clouds in the wind, like butterflies chasing and playing among flowers. The precision of the young men’s crossbow shooting and the height of the young women’s swings are admired as displays of bravery and agility. On the night of the festival, young men and women gather with pipas (lutes), mouth string instruments, and perform dances such as “pipa dance,” “hunting dance,” “washing dance,” and even dances imitating crows drinking water and monkeys breaking corn. Elderly people gather to drink alcohol and sing folk songs, with some elders able to sing intermittently for two to three days. The songs mostly tell folk tales and heroic stories.

Local Activities of the Jijiamu Festival

1. Rituals and Prayers: The festival often begins with rituals and prayers to honor ancestral spirits, nature, and deities. Community leaders or shamans may perform these rituals to seek blessings for the harvest, health, and good fortune for the year ahead.
2. Traditional Music and Dance: Music and dance are integral parts of the celebration. Participants dress in traditional attire and perform folk songs and dances that reflect Nu culture. This serves both as entertainment and a means of cultural expression, allowing the community to celebrate its heritage.
3. Feasting and Shared Meals: Central to the Jijiamu Festival is communal feasting. Families prepare a variety of traditional dishes, often featuring local ingredients. Sharing meals together fosters a sense of community and reinforces social bonds among participants. Food may commonly include rice, meat, vegetables, and traditional Nu dishes.
4. Cultural Competitions: Various traditional competitions may take place, such as games showcasing skills in archery, wrestling, or other local sports. These activities encourage friendly rivalry while celebrating traditional skills and fostering community spirit.
5. Storytelling and Oral Traditions: Elders often share stories, myths, and legends that embody the cultural heritage of the Nu people. These storytelling sessions are vital for preserving history and passing down traditions to younger generations.
6. Craft Demonstrations: Artisans may demonstrate traditional crafts, such as weaving, pottery, or embroidery. This aspect of the festival showcases the artistic talents of the community and allows for the sharing of knowledge and skills among generations.
7. Cultural Displays: During the festival, exhibitions of traditional clothing, artifacts, and local handicrafts are often organized. This enhances cultural pride and serves as an educational opportunity for younger community members and visitors.
8. Community Games: The festival typically features various games designed to engage community members of all ages. These may include relay races, tug-of-war, or other traditional games that promote teamwork and physical activity.
9. Social Gatherings: The Jijiamu Festival serves as a significant social occasion, where people from different villages may come together, strengthening inter-village relationships and fostering cooperation.
10. Environmental Activities: Some activities during the festival also focus on the environment, such as tree planting or clean-up initiatives, highlighting the community’s connection to nature and its commitment to sustainability.

Introduction of The Festival

• Chinese Name: 怒族年节/炉瑟节
• English Name: Spring Festival (Jijiamu) of the Nu Ethnic Minority
• Main Activities: Ancestor worship, soil rituals, singing, and dancing
• Time (Lunar Calendar): From the twelfth month to the tenth day of the first lunar month

The Nu Ethnic Minority refers to their Spring Festival as “Luse,”(炉瑟) which means “New Year” or “Start of the Year,” celebrated in the first lunar month.

On the 29th day of the twelfth lunar month, each household cleans their courtyards and removes ash from the hearth, discarding the old dirt far from their homes to symbolize the departure of the old year. Fresh pine branches are then gathered and placed on the main beams and central pillars, with pine needles spread on the ground to symbolize evergreen seasons and monthly good fortune. Early on New Year’s Day, at the first crow of the rooster, children in each household carry water buckets and torches to fetch water from the village wells. They draw one ladle of water from each well and bring it home. According to legend, on the first morning of the New Year, a blessed substance resembling butter descends from the sky, floating on the surface of the well water. Drinking this “auspicious substance” ensures a year of good fortune and success.

New Year greetings begin on the first day, not only to elders but also to the family’s cows and dogs. The animals are given a respectful bow and fed fried dough cakes and meat soup as a reward for their hard work in plowing fields and hunting throughout the year.

Entertainment activities during the New Year include archery, stone target shooting, song guessing games, swinging, and dancing.

There are several taboos during the festival. For instance, on New Year’s Eve and New Year’s Day, soup should not be eaten for any of the three meals, as it is believed that doing so will cause adverse weather conditions, leading to droughts or floods. Additionally, water should not be thrown outside, and on the first day of work after the New Year, offerings must be made to the mountain god.

Local Activities of the Spring Festival (Luse)

1. Ritual Ceremonies: The festival often begins with religious rituals to honor ancestors, deities, and nature spirits, seeking blessings for a prosperous and healthy year ahead. Shamans or respected elders lead these ceremonies, which may involve offerings of food, incense, and symbolic items.
2. Traditional Music and Dance: Music and dance are integral components of the Luse festival. Performances featuring traditional songs, dances, and musical instruments, such as the “Hulu” (gourd flute) and other local instruments, fill the celebration, showcasing the rich cultural heritage of the Nu people.
3. Feasting: A highlight of the Spring Festival is the communal feasting, where families and communities come together to share traditional dishes. Local specialties, often made with ingredients from the land, play a key role in the celebration. Common dishes may include rice, meats, vegetables, and traditional snacks.
4. Decorating Homes and Altars: During the Luse festival, it is customary to decorate homes and community spaces with colorful flowers, banners, and symbols of good fortune. Altars may be set up to display offerings and honor ancestors.
5. Reunion and Family Gatherings: Much like the celebration of the Lunar New Year, the Spring Festival is a time for family reunion and togetherness. Relatives often return home to celebrate with their families, strengthening familial bonds and connections.
6. Cultural Competitions: Various traditional competitions and games are organized during the festival. Activities may include sports like wrestling and archery, as well as skill-based games that promote community engagement and friendly rivalry.
7. Storytelling and Oral Traditions: Elders and storytellers engage the community with tales of history, mythology, and cultural morals. These story sessions not only entertain but also serve to preserve the Nu ethnic heritage for the younger generations.
8. Craft Exhibitions: Artisans may showcase their traditional crafts, such as weaving, beadwork, and pottery. This not only highlights local craftsmanship but also fosters appreciation for the community’s artistic skills.
9. Environmental Activities: The Luse festival often emphasizes the importance of nature and sustainability. Activities such as planting trees or conducting community clean-ups may be organized, reflecting the Nu people’s deep connection to their environment.
10. Social Gatherings and Community Bonding: The Spring Festival serves as a social hub, where people from various villages come together. This aspect of the celebration fosters cooperation and friendship within the community, strengthening social ties.

Chinese Name:怒族鲜花节/仙女节/乃仍节
English Name: Flowers Festival of Nu Ethnic Minority in Gongshan County, Nujiang
The Fairy Festival, also known as the Flower Festival (怒族仙女节/鲜花节), is a traditional folk festival celebrated by the Nu ethnic group (怒族) in the Gongshan area (贡山) of Yunnan Province. It takes place on the fifteenth day of the lunar third month each year. During this time, villages choose caves with stalactites as fairy caves, and people bring sacrificial offerings to worship in a procession. The festival includes activities such as offering sacrifices to the fairy caves, greeting holy water, singing and dancing for joy, and engaging in various sports.

Legend

A long time ago, there was a girl named A Rong (阿茸) from Nujia Village. She was not only beautiful but also intelligent and resourceful. One day, while weaving at home, she noticed a spider under the eaves spinning a web. Inspired by this, she invented the slip rope. With the help of her villagers, she cut golden bamboo and wove it into slip ropes, which they erected over the torrential Nujiang River (怒江), solving the villagers’ difficulties in crossing the river. A Rong’s invention earned her the title of a fairy. However, when a slave owner learned of her talents, he sent slavers to propose marriage to her, which A Rong firmly rejected. In retaliation, the slave owner ordered his men to kidnap her relatives. A Rong, aware of the danger, sought refuge in a stalactite cave in the deep mountains. The slave owner then commanded his men to set fire to the mountains, resulting in A Rong’s tragic death. To honor her memory, the Nu ethnic group designated the day of A Rong’s passing as the Flower Festival.

Activities

Every year, thousands participate in the Flower Festival, donning festive costumes and gathering in front of the fairy cave with sacrifices and wine from surrounding villages. Lamas from Puhua Temple (普化寺) beat drums and chant sutras as everyone bows and offers flowers, seeds, and wine. According to legend, the stalactites transformed by A Rong will release holy water from the cave. Young women enter the cave to receive this holy water, and then everyone gathers to drink, sing, and dance throughout the night, praying for the blessings of fairies and mountain gods for well-being and happiness, and for the prosperity of crops and livestock. Additionally, national sports activities such as crossbow shooting, races, and wrist wrestling are also held during the festival.

Chinese Version: http://www.ynich.cn/view-ml-11110-1404.html
Translated by Olive Zhang/张银芳

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• Yunnan Intangible Cultural Heritages
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• Traditional Ethnic Villages in Yunnan
• Yunnan Ethnic Minorities

Nu nationality is the oldest ancestor and developer on both sides of the Nu River. Like other nationalities, the Nu people have their own unique customs and cultural heritage. They are a pure, kind, hospitable, and musically and lyrically talented people. In the process of opening up the Nu River land, they have fought against nature with extraordinary perseverance and courage, using their intelligence, wisdom, and even their lives to gain possession of this land. According to the Nu people’s 64-generation oral tradition, the Nu people have been living and multiplying on this land for about 1,700 years. In this 1,700-year history of entrepreneurship, they have experienced generations of hardships and struggles against nature. The Nu people’s “Miqi” activity has evolved and developed over the long process of struggling with nature.

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