Basic Information

• Chinese Name:宁蒗县普米族吾昔节
• English Name: New Year Festival (Wuxijie) of Pumi Ethnic Minority in Ninglang County, Lijiang
• Location: Ninglang Couty in Lijiang
• Festival Activities: Singing contests, dancing, target shooting, horse racing, wrestling, etc.
• Festival Date: Sixth day of the twelfth lunar month

“Wuxi,” which means “New Year” in the Pumi language, is the most important festival for the Pumi people of Ninglang. It is celebrated on the sixth or seventh day of the twelfth lunar month as New Year’s Eve, with the first day of the new year falling on the eighth day. The duration of the festival varies by location, ranging from three days to half a month.

Historical Development

The Wuxi Festival is not an isolated event among the Pumi people. Its practices can be traced back through Chinese history to rituals performed during the Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, and Han dynasties, specifically to the “Laji” (sacrifices in the twelfth month) and the “Lari” (twelfth month day) observed in the Jingchu region. The festival vividly represents the grand ceremonies associated with the end-of-year sacrifices, with the core theme of the Pumi people’s “New Year offering” centered around “sacrificing to the hundred gods.”

Festival Customs

On New Year’s Eve, families display evergreen pine branches at their doors, altars, and rooftops to symbolize prosperity and longevity. The family gathers around the fire pit to enjoy a reunion dinner, with some family members staying up to keep watch. Before the New Year’s Eve dinner, dogs are fed to commemorate their role in extending human life. According to legend, dogs and humans once had significantly different lifespans, and the exchange of lifespan eventually occurred for mutual survival.

At the dawn of the first day of the new year, as roosters crow, gunfire and horn blowing erupt from villages to announce the arrival of the New Year. Families conduct rituals to pray for peace and good harvests before young men and women rush to the creek for pure water, believing that obtaining water first brings good luck. Families then gather to drink butter tea and eat glutinous rice. If there are teenagers aged thirteen or older in the family, parents will hold elaborate “pants” or “skirt” ceremonies for them.

Traditionally, during the Wuxi Festival, friends and relatives exchange New Year greetings, and villages organize entertainment and sports activities, including singing contests, dancing, target shooting, horse racing, and wrestling. The final day of the festival features the “eating worms” ceremony, where young men and women bring fried snacks to the mountains, enjoying the food together. Each snack consumed symbolizes the elimination of a pest, and finishing the food signifies the eradication of all pests for the year, forecasting an abundant harvest. To ensure livestock prosperity, families also collectively send members to the mountains for grazing, sharing a hearty meal together.

Related Knowledge

The Wuxi Festival is typically celebrated over three uncertain days, falling on the sixth, seventh, and eighth days of the twelfth lunar month. This timing originates from the Pumi people’s interpretations of the movements of celestial bodies. In ancient times, the Pumi ancestors observed the stars to understand the dynamics of day and night, eventually using the 28 lunar mansions along the zodiac and celestial equator as a means to calculate the year’s calendar. The 28 lunar mansions serve as a traditional unit of time calculation for the Pumi, differing slightly regionally, usually determined by observing the “Chuzhi” (the name of a specific star). The day when “Chuzhi” coincides with the moon is considered auspicious, marking the countdown to a new year, with “Chuzhi” being the foremost of the 28 mansions, symbolizing new beginnings.

Festival Preparation and Departure

Sacrificial Ceremony

Night and Return

Festival Significance

Introduction of the Festival

• Chinese Name:普米族尝新节
• English Name: Changxin Festival of Pumi Ethnic Minority

Every harvest season, the people hold a ceremony where each household opens a new jar of wine, using new rice (or making buckwheat cakes) as well as newly harvested fruits to make offerings to the gods and ancestors. Then they begin to slaughter pigs and sheep, invite relatives and friends, share the new grain, and celebrate the harvest. During the tasting of new food festival (Changxin Festival), and at the New Year, the Pumi people likewise feed rice balls to their dogs.

The Pumi people’s tasting of new food festival does not have a fixed date; it depends on the local crop harvest situation, mostly centered around villages. Each village may have different dates, but they typically differ by no more than 5 to 10 days. The tasting of new food festival is generally celebrated twice; sometimes just once, occurring within a few days after the harvest of the minor spring crop and the major spring crop. During the festival, people visit relatives and hold cultural and recreational activities, singing and narrating the history and traditional customs of their ethnic group, praying for an abundant harvest.

The Pumi people’s tasting of new food festival is generally celebrated within four or five days, selecting a lucky day in the lunar calendar, usually in mid-July. Before the arrival of the tasting of new food festival, each household must brew a jar of white wine and prepare a jar of rice using the newly harvested grains. On the day of the festival, they first burn three sticks of incense at the village altar, with a designated elder or the head of the family acting as the main officiant. After reciting the prayer, each household offers their newly brewed rice wine and freshly cooked rice (or buckwheat cakes) to the spirits. After the offerings, the first bowl of freshly cooked rice should be given to the dog, and the first bowl of newly brewed rice wine should be offered to the elders. Then, the entire family sits together to drink the newly brewed rice wine and eat the freshly cooked rice to celebrate the harvest.

During the harvest season,the Pumi Ethnic Minority(普米族) will hold the Changxin Festival(尝新节), and every family will open a new jar of wine with the new rice(or make the buckwheat baba) and fresh fruits to sacrifice to“zongbala”(宗巴拉) god and ancestors.They began to slaughter pigs and sheep,invite friends and relatives to share new grain and celebrate the harvest with them. The Pumi Ethnic Minority also feed rice balls to the dogs on the day of Changxin Festival same as the Spring Festival.There is no fixed date for the Changxin Festival of Pumi Ethnic Minority,it depends on the local harvest of crops,Most villages are different from each other,but the difference is about 5-10days at most.The Changxin Festival is generally held twice or once,in the days after the harvest. During the festival,people used to visit some of their relatives,and held recreational activities,telling and singing the history,traditional custom of their nation,and pray for the good harvest in the coming year.

The Changxin Festival of Pumi Ethnic Minority is usually no more than four or five days apart,and it always celebrated on an auspicious day in the July 15th of the lunar calendar.Before the festival,every family would brew a jar of white wine and a Sulima wine(苏里玛酒), brewed form the fresh grain .When it come to the festival, they would burn three sticks of incense on the altar of “mani heap”(嘛尼堆) in the village.In the words of the chief mourner of Hanggui or an elder.After the prayers,families offered “Zangbala”(藏巴拉) freshly brewed rice wine and freshly cooked rice or stuffed bun one by one.After completed the sacrifice,the first bowl of fresh rice was for the dogs,and the first bowl of freshly brewed rice wine was for the elderly.Then, the whole family gathered together to drink the young wine and eat the new rice to celebrate the harvest.

Local activities

1. Harvest Preparations

• Prior to the festival, families prepare by harvesting crops. The festival typically coincides with the harvest of the minor spring and major spring crops, and the completion of these harvests lays the foundation for the celebrations.

2. Brewing Traditional Wine

• One of the central activities involves brewing a special type of rice wine using the newly harvested grains. This wine plays a significant role in the festival’s rituals and celebrations.

3. Cooking Traditional Dishes

• Families prepare traditional foods, including freshly cooked rice and possibly buckwheat cakes (known as “ba” in Pumi language). The preparation of these dishes often involves using ingredients harvested from their fields.

4. Ritual Offerings

• On the day of the festival, families set up an altar in their homes or in the village where they present offerings to ancestors and local deities. This typically includes the newly brewed wine and rice, symbolizing gratitude and respect for the blessings received during the harvest.

5. Ceremonial Prayers

• An elder, typically an experienced community member, leads the prayer rituals at the altar. This involves reciting prayers for a bountiful harvest and blessings for the community.

6. Feeding Dogs and Elders

• A meaningful gesture in the festivities includes giving the first bowl of freshly cooked rice to the family dog as a sign of respect. Similarly, the first bowl of rice wine is offered to the elders, acknowledging their wisdom and role within the community.

7. Community Gathering

• Families come together to celebrate, with gatherings often involving storytelling, singing, and dancing that highlight Pumi culture. This is a time for social bonding and celebrating community spirit.

8. Cultural Performances

• During the festival, local music and dance performances showcase Pumi traditions, including folk songs and dances that tell stories from their history and culture, reinforcing their identity and heritage.

9. Visiting Relatives and Neighbors

• The festival encourages people to visit relatives and neighbors, sharing food, drinks, and well-wishes. This practice strengthens community ties and enhances social relationships.

10. Games and Competitions

• Various traditional games and competitions may be organized, fostering a spirit of fun and camaraderie among community members, especially the younger generations.

11. Prayers for Future Harvests

• Alongside celebrations, many rituals involve prayers for future prosperity and good harvests. This reflects the agricultural basis of Pumi culture, emphasizing the importance of the earth and nature in their livelihoods.

Chinese Name:普米族成年礼
English Name: Coming-of-Age Ceremony of Pumi Ethnic Minority

The girls’ coming-of-age ceremony is called “The Ceremony of Wearing Skirts”(“穿裙子礼”) and is hosted by their mothers. The little girl walked to the “Female Column” (女柱) on the right front of the Chinese fireplace. Her feet step on the grain sack and pig fat respectively. In her right hand, she was holding earrings, beads, bracelets and other ornaments, and in her left hand, she was holding cambric, linen and other daily necessities. The objects on her hands symbolize that women will have the rights to enjoy and the responsibilities of the family. Then the sorcerer or sorceress will pray to her ancestors and to the Kitchen God, and the mother takes off the linen gown for the girl, and put on a short linen jacket, a pleated skirt, and an embroidered sash. The girl who puts on new clothes kowtows her thanks to the Kitchen God, relatives and friends. Finally friends and relatives will give her gifts to express their blessings.

The boys’ coming-of-age ceremony is called “The Ceremony of Wearing Trousers ”(穿裤子礼) and is hosted by their uncles. Pumi people retain many matriarchal social customs, and the uncle has the highest status in one family. The ceremony of boys are very similar to girls’, the boy walks to the “Male Column”(男柱) in front of the left side of the Chinese fireplace. His feet step on the pig fat and grain bag respectively. In his right hand, he holds a sharp knife that symbolizes bravery, while in his left hand, he holds a silver coin, symbolizing wealth. After the sorcerer or sorceress has prayed, the uncle took off the boy’s linen gown and put on short linen gown, linen trousers and sash. The boy who changes his new clothes should also kowtow to the Kitchen God and his relatives and friends, then toasts them with ox horn cup. And friends and relatives usually send him a sheep to bless him with a peaceful and auspicious future and herds of cattle and sheep.

When the coming-of-age ceremony is held, the parents of these girls and boys have a big feast to entertain their friends and relatives. The hosts will serve guests bone soup, meat , some pig hearts and liver to show their close relationship. The ceremony is not complete until the banquet is over. After the ceremony, the girls and boys become adults, so they can participate in productive labor and social activities, and become full members of their families.

Translated by Dianna Zhou/周晓畋

Introduction of the Festival

• Chinese Name:普米族转山节
• English Name: Mountain Pilgrimage Festival of Pumi Ethnic Minority

Mountain Pilgrimage Festival(转山节) is an activity of offering sacrifices to the mountain god on July 15th of the lunar calendar. Each and everyone of Pumi in groups to the village as a unit, to participate in various activities on the designated mountain.Mountain Pilgrimage Festival is a festival of Pumi and Mosuo people in Yongning Town(永宁乡) of Ninglang County(宁蒗县). Mountain Pilgrimage Festival comes from a legend.It is said that the Pumi Ethnic Minority was in charge of different mountain gods long ago.On July 15th of the lunar calendar,the mountain gods would go to a place to compete.One of the sports is to determine the territory by betting on winning or losing.If the bet is lost,the people there will suffer a disaster.

Once,the mountain god of the Pumi region lost the bet,all of the people ,animals and crops were seriously affected.Since then ,on this day,Punmi ancestors will bring sacrificial articles to the top of the mountain to pray,wish mountain god victory and return,bring good luck and health for the people.During the festival,people bring abundant food,wear gorgeous costumes,ride horses or walk to the nearby mountains to race horses,have a picnic,and burn incense to worship the mountain gods.

Local Activities of the Festival

1. Pilgrimage to Sacred Sites

• The festival involves a communal pilgrimage to nearby sacred mountains or revered natural sites. Participants walk to these locations, often carrying offerings such as food, incense, and symbolic items meant for ritual purposes.

2. Ritual Offerings

• Upon reaching the sacred site, rituals are performed that include offering food, rice wine, incense, and other items to local deities or ancestral spirits. This act is meant to show respect, seek blessings, and express gratitude for past harvests and protection for the future.

3. Prayer Ceremonies

• Ritual prayers are conducted, usually led by village elders or spiritual leaders, who invoke blessings for health, prosperity, and peace. These ceremonies involve chanting and may include the use of traditional musical instruments.

4. Cultural Performances

• The festival showcases Pumi culture through music and dance. Folk songs and traditional dances are performed, often reflecting the mythology, history, and daily life of the Pumi people. This is a time for cultural expression and celebration of their heritage.

5. Community Feasting

• After the rituals, participants gather for communal meals, where traditional Pumi foods are shared. This fosters a sense of community and solidarity as families come together to break bread and enjoy one another’s company.

6. Games and Competitions

• Various traditional games and competitions are organized for participants of all ages. Activities may include races, tug-of-war, and other local games designed to promote camaraderie and enjoyment within the community.

7. Nature Appreciation and Activities

• As part of the festival, there may be hiking or nature walks to appreciate the beauty of the mountains. This fosters a connection to the environment and encourages a spirit of conservation among participants.

8. Arts and Crafts Fair

• Some festivals include a display of local handicrafts and artistic works, allowing artisans to showcase their skills. This not only promotes local culture but also provides opportunities for economic exchange.

9. Veneration of Ancestors

• Special moments are dedicated to remember and honor ancestors. Stories about past generations are shared, reinforcing family ties and cultural continuity.

10. Educational Activities

• In some cases, workshops or discussions related to traditional practices, environmental stewardship, or folklore may be organized, promoting cultural education and awareness among younger generations.

Overview of the Festival

• Chinese Name:普米族小过年
• English Name: Xiaoguonian Festival of Pumi Ethnic Minority

The Xiaoguonian Festival, also known as the “Little New Year” or “Minor New Year,” is an important celebration for the Pumi ethnic minority, primarily observed in Yunnan Province. This festival typically occurs before the Lunar New Year and serves as a preparatory time for the upcoming celebrations. It is rich in cultural significance and features a variety of local activities that highlight the Pumi people’s traditions, values, and communal spirit.

Significance of Xiaoguonian Festival

1. Culmination of Harvest: The Xiaoguonian Festival symbolizes the end of the harvest season, marking a time of gratitude for the year’s bounty. It is a moment to give thanks to the gods and ancestors for their blessings.
2. Cleansing and Renewal: The festival is associated with the idea of cleansing and preparing for the new year. This includes both physical cleaning of homes and spiritual purification through rituals.
3. Cultural Identity: The Xiaoguonian Festival is a vital expression of Pumi culture, showcasing their unique beliefs, customs, and social values. It reinforces community ties and highlights the importance of traditional practices.
4. Transition to the New Year: It serves as a transitional period where families prepare their homes, themselves, and their spirits for the upcoming Lunar New Year celebrations.

Local Activities During the Xiaoguonian Festival

1. Ritual Cleaning: In the days leading up to the festival, families thoroughly clean their homes. This practice symbolizes the removal of bad luck and negativity, making way for the new year.
2. Offerings to Ancestors: Families prepare offerings, such as food and incense, to honor their ancestors. This involves creating altars with fruits, cakes, and other symbolic items, allowing family members to pay respects and seek blessings.
3. Cooking Traditional Dishes: Special foods are prepared for the festival, including traditional Pumi dishes that may feature locally sourced ingredients. Common items include dumplings, rice cakes, and stews, which are often emblematic of prosperity and unity.
4. Community Gatherings and Feasting: The festival encourages communal gatherings, where families and friends come together to share meals and celebrate. This fosters a sense of community and reaffirms social bonds.
5. Cultural Performances: Traditional music, dance, and storytelling may be featured, with performances that often convey moral lessons, historical stories, or Pumi folklore. This adds a festive spirit to the celebrations.
6. Rituals to Drive Away Evil Spirits: Various rituals are performed to ward off evil spirits, including the use of firecrackers, chanting, and offerings. This is believed to help ensure a safe and prosperous year ahead.
7. Making New Year Decorations: Families may engage in crafting traditional decorations, such as paper cuttings and other artworks, to beautify their homes and prepare for the New Year.
8. Gift Exchanges: In some communities, it is customary to exchange gifts or small amounts of money, symbolizing wishes for prosperity and good fortune in the new year.
9. Public Celebrations: Depending on the locality, there may be public events featuring parades and community activities, which allow families to participate in larger festive activities.

Introductioon of The Festival

• Chinese Name:普米族大过年/吾昔节
• English Name: Wuxi Festival or Daguonian Festival of Pumi Ethnic Minority

The “Big New Year,” also known as “Wuxi Festival,” is one of the most grandiose festivals for the Pumi ethnic minority. It generally lasts for about seven or eight days, starting from the 29th day of the twelfth lunar month, when ancestors are honored and the New Year’s meal is eaten, until the 7th day of the first lunar month, which is celebrated as people’s birthdays.

On the morning of the first day of the New Year, elders must incense the “Zongbala” (the altar for spirits) and pray to pay respects to their ancestors. For both boys and girls who turn thirteen, a coming-of-age ceremony called “putting on pants” for boys and “putting on skirts” for girls is held. Additionally, there are activities such as hunting in the mountains, herding around the mountains, playing “Moqiu” (a traditional game), worshiping mountain gods, and dancing “Guozhuang” (a traditional dance).

After finishing the reunion dinner on New Year’s Eve, boys and girls who are thirteen years old gather separately by gender and celebrate all night long. When dawn breaks, they return to their homes, where their family members hold the “putting on pants” or “putting on skirts” coming-of-age ceremony for them. For girls living by the Lancang River, they walk to the “female pillar” in front of the fire pit, standing with each foot on a piece of pig fat and a bag of grain; the pig fat symbolizes wealth, while the grain bag symbolizes a good harvest. In their right hand, they hold earrings or beads, and in their left hand, they hold hemp yarn or hemp cloth, symbolizing women’s rights to material enjoyment and their obligations to undertake family labor.

Then, the mother removes the girl’s long hemp shirt and changes it for a short shirt, putting on a pleated skirt and tying an embroidered belt. If it is a boy, he walks to the “male pillar” in front of the fire pit, standing with each foot on a piece of pig fat and a bag of grain; in his right hand, he holds a pointed knife, and in his left hand, he holds a silver dollar, which symbolizes wealth, while the knife symbolizes bravery. After that, the uncle removes the boy’s long hemp shirt and changes it for a short shirt, puts on long pants, and ties a belt around his waist. After the ceremony, these boys and girls are considered to have grown up and are qualified to participate in formal social activities.

The Local Activities of The Festival

1. Ancestral Offerings

Families honor their ancestors by preparing offerings of food and incense. This is an important ritual for expressing gratitude and seeking blessings for the new year.

2. New Year’s Eve Reunion Dinner

Like many cultures, families gather for a reunion dinner on New Year’s Eve. This meal is an essential part of the celebration, where family members share traditional dishes and enjoy each other’s company.

3. The Coming-of-Age Ceremony

One of the most significant aspects of the Wuxi Festival is the coming-of-age ceremony for boys and girls who turn thirteen.

• For Girls: They participate in a ritual near the “female pillar” involving stepping on pig fat (symbolizing wealth) and grain (symbolizing harvest), while holding jewelry and household items that represent rights and responsibilities. They then change into a short shirt and pleated skirt.
• For Boys: Boys perform a similar ritual at the “male pillar,” stepping on pig fat and grain, while holding a pointed knife (symbolizing bravery) and a silver dollar (symbolizing wealth), followed by changing into a short shirt and long pants.

4. Singing and Dancing

Traditional songs and dances, including the Guozhuang dance, are performed during the festival. These cultural expressions are a way to celebrate and preserve Pumi heritage.

5. Hunting and Gathering Activities

Group activities such as hunting in the mountains and gathering resources reflect the community’s connection to nature and its reliance on local resources. These activities often serve as both leisure and practical necessity.

6. Playing Traditional Games

Various traditional games, such as “Moqiu” (a game similar to tug-of-war), are played among community members. This promotes interaction and camaraderie.

7. Worshiping Mountain Gods

Special rituals are held to honor mountain deities, recognizing their importance in agricultural and pastoral life. This may involve offerings or processions to sacred sites.

8. Community Feasts

Throughout the festival, the community may organize large feasts where people come together to share food, celebrate, and strengthen social bonds.

9. Firecracker Celebrations

Like many other Chinese festivals, using firecrackers is common during the Wuxi Festival. This is believed to ward off evil spirits and bring good luck for the new year.

10. Decorating Homes

Homes are often decorated with traditional ornaments, such as paper cuttings and colorful banners, to celebrate the arrival of the new year and to attract prosperity and good fortune.

Conclusion

The Wuxi Festival is not just a time of celebration; it is a profound expression of the Pumi people’s values, community spirit, and cultural heritage. Through these local activities, the festival serves as an important link between past traditions and contemporary life, allowing the Pumi ethnic minority to maintain and celebrate their unique identity.

Overview
The Pumi people’s Valentine’s Day in Lanping County of Nujiang Prefecture is a traditional festival imbued with rich ethnic characteristics. It not only reflects the Pumi people’s beautiful yearning for love but also showcases their diverse folk culture.

Origins and Cultural Connotations
Unlike simply adopting the Western model of Valentine’s Day, this celebration is deeply rooted in the long history and traditional legends of the Pumi people. According to legend, the day is not only a time for young men and women to express their affection but is also considered a lucky day when deities bestow blessings of love. Consequently, the Pumi people regard it as an important occasion for heartfelt communication and for praying for a happy marriage and family life.

Traditional Customs and Activities
On this festive day, young Pumi men and women dress in their traditional costumes. Typically, the men wear long robes adorned with decorative sashes, while the women wear colorful skirts complemented by shining silver ornaments. The festivities are marked by several key activities:

• Song and Dance Performances: One of the most captivating aspects of the celebration is the traditional song and dance. Through duet love songs and traditional dances, the young participants not only express their emotions but also pass on the cultural heritage inherited from their ancestors.

• Courtship Rituals: In some traditional ceremonies, young people use specific rites to express their affection for one another. This might involve the exchange of handmade gifts or engaging in folk games to convey their feelings. These rituals are filled with a profound sense of ceremony and romantic atmosphere.

• Involvement of Family and Elders: Besides the passionate interactions among the youth, the elders also participate by offering blessings for the young lovers, symbolizing the wish for a blissful marriage and a happy family.

Modern Developments and Innovations
With the passage of time, the Pumi Valentine’s Day, while preserving its traditional customs, has gradually embraced modern elements. Modern celebrations still retain the traditional song, dance, rituals, and family gatherings, but they have also incorporated contemporary events such as cultural evenings and photography exhibitions. This blend of old and new has infused the traditional festival with fresh vitality and has attracted more young people to participate and engage with their heritage.

Social and Cultural Significance
The Pumi Valentine’s Day is more than just a day to celebrate love; it is also a reflection of the cultural confidence of the Pumi community. Through this festival, the Pumi people display their unique ethnic features, aesthetic in traditional attire, and ceremonial customs. Moreover, it serves as an important bond for emotional exchange and community cohesion, playing a crucial role in the preservation and transmission of their ethnic culture

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