Dian Opera

Introduction

Dian Opera, also known as Yunnan Opera, is a traditional form of local opera originating from Yunnan Province in China. It evolved from various regional tunes and arts introduced during the late Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty. By blending different musical influences, Dian Opera developed a unique style that resonates deeply with the local culture of Yunnan.

In 2008, Dian Opera was recognized as an intangible cultural heritage of China and was officially listed on the second batch of national intangible cultural heritage lists by the State Council.

Historical Origin

Early Development

Dian Opera’s roots can be traced back to the late Ming Dynasty to the Qianlong Period of the Qing Dynasty. During this time, various operatic styles such as Silk String, Xiangyang, and Huqin were introduced from other regions into Yunnan. These influences came from:

• Silk String: Originated from Qin Opera.
• Xiangyang: Derived from the Xianghe School of Han Diao.
• Huqin: Came from Hui Diao.

These styles combined with local folk art, dialects, and musical traditions to form a distinct style of opera. By the Qing Dynasty, these tunes had spread throughout Yunnan, including parts of Sichuan and Guizhou, and were integral to the local operatic scene.

Prosperity and Decline

Dian Opera flourished in Yunnan during the late Qing Dynasty. Many local troupes emerged, and the art form became deeply rooted in rural communities. However, following the political turmoil of the 1911 Revolution and the subsequent period of war, Dian Opera faced significant challenges. During the War of Resistance Against Japan, many artists fled or were oppressed, leading the opera to near extinction by the founding of New China in 1949.

Revival After 1949

After the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, Dian Opera experienced a revival. The state-run Yunnan Opera Troupe was established, and numerous artists were recruited, trained, and supported to rejuvenate the art form. The opera’s performances and traditions were documented and preserved, helping it regain its prominence in Yunnan and beyond.

Artistic Characteristics

Performance and Style

Dian Opera is known for its vivid portrayal of characters and its local flavor. It blends influences from Hui, Han, and Qin Opera while incorporating unique elements from Yunnan’s diverse ethnic groups. The opera’s performances often feature a deep connection to daily life, with characters displaying emotions and actions that resonate with the audience’s experiences.

Key features include:

• Complex Emotional Expression: For example, in Li Shaobai’s Trial of Pan Hong, Pan Hong’s inner turmoil is reflected in subtle physical movements like the shifting of his veil cap.
• Character-Driven Drama: The opera excels in portraying the psychological depth of characters, such as the portrayal of loyalty, intelligence, or resentment through specific actions or dialogues.

The opera also uses vivid, colloquial language, often in the style of local folk songs. This makes the performances more accessible and relatable to a wide audience.

Music and Vocal Techniques

Dian Opera incorporates various musical tunes and vocal techniques that are central to its identity:

• Silk String Tune: Originating from Qin Opera, this tune is versatile, used in both comedic and tragic scenes, and often characterized by sweet or sorrowful melodies.
• Xiangyang Tune: A lively and lighthearted melody with a smooth, flowing rhythm, often used to express joyful or humorous situations.
• Huqin Tune: Derived from Hui Opera’s Erhuang, this style is more solemn and melancholic, often used in serious or tragic performances.

Other miscellaneous tunes include “seven and a half sentences,” “cylindrical cavity,” and “lessons,” which bring additional layers of complexity and richness to the performances.

Instruments

The music of Dian Opera is supported by a variety of instruments, including:

• Silk String Instruments: Primarily the saw-piano (similar to the Qin Opera’s two-strand string instrument).
• Huqin: A stringed instrument used in Huqin-style performances.
• Percussion: Including small and large drums, gongs, cymbals, and various other traditional percussion instruments.

These instruments, combined with the operatic singing, help create a unique auditory experience for the audience.

Classification of Dian Opera

Yiliang Dian Opera

The history of Dian Opera in Yiliang County dates back to the late Qing Dynasty. A local Yunnan Opera troupe was formed here in the early 20th century. Over time, Yiliang became an important center for Dian Opera, with professional troupes emerging in the 1950s. By 1959, the Yunnan Opera Troupe in Yiliang County was established, and the area continued to foster talented performers.

Throughout the 20th century, the Yiliang Opera Troupe created numerous performances, including historical plays and folk tales, winning accolades in regional festivals.

Fengqing Dian Opera

Fengqing County in Lincang City has a long-standing history with Dian Opera, with performances dating back to 1906. During the early 20th century, local residents formed their own opera societies, and the performance of Dian Opera was widely embraced. In 1953, the Fengqing Dian Opera Troupe was established, which later became instrumental in advancing the art form.

Fengqing’s troupe became known for its innovation in musical styles, incorporating new elements like “anti-silk string” and “anti-Erhuang,” which combined different regional styles. Many original local dramas have been created, winning accolades at provincial festivals.

Preservation and Modern Challenges

Despite its rich history and cultural significance, Dian Opera faces challenges due to changing social conditions and cultural preferences. The rise of modern entertainment and shifts in audience tastes have led to a decline in performances, especially in rural areas. However, efforts to protect and revitalize the opera have been ongoing.

In recent years, initiatives like the Dian Opera Flower Lantern Art Week and the establishment of awards such as the Wenhua Award and Plum Blossom Award have helped to preserve and promote Dian Opera. This ensures that the art form continues to thrive in the modern era, even as it adapts to contemporary tastes.

Conclusion

Dian Opera, with its rich history, unique artistic elements, and cultural significance, remains an essential part of Yunnan’s artistic heritage. While it faces challenges, efforts to preserve and revitalize this form of opera continue to ensure its place in China’s diverse cultural landscape.

For further details, you can explore Dian Opera through its online resources at Yunnan Dian Opera.