The Animals and Plants in Yingjiang County, Dehong

Yingjiang County is rich in biodiversity, with over 6,000 species of higher plants and more than 10,000 animal species recorded. A survey conducted in an area of 3,000 square meters near the western border in Nabang alone identified 132 genera and 157 species of higher plants, including 33 woody species. Due to its location at low latitudes and unique geographical environment, some areas of the county still maintain the original ecological types of wild animals and plants.

Wild Animals

1.1 Mammals

There are 57 species belonging to 27 families and 10 orders. Mainly from the order Insectivora: there are moles, water voles, musk shrews, and small white-toothed shrews. From the order Chiroptera: there are large flying foxes, medium flying foxes, small leaf-nosed bats, and black-bearded tomb bats. From the order Dermoptera: there are Malayan flying lemurs. From the order Primates: there are slow lorises, macaques, gibbons, gray langurs, and white-browed gibbons. From the order Pholidota: there are pangolins. From the order Carnivora: there are red pandas, bears (brown bear), bears (black bear), foxes, wolves, jackals, badgers, masked palm civets, yellow-throated martens, marbled cats, Asiatic golden cats, Bengal tigers, clouded leopards, and more. From the order Proboscidea: there are Asian elephants. From the order Lagomorpha: there are Himalayan woolly hares, Himalayan marmots, Indian crested porcupines, Malayan porcupines, bamboo rats, house rats, small rats, large bamboo rats, long-tailed climbing mice, and green dormice. From the order Artiodactyla: there are wild boars, red muntjacs, goral, water deer, wild buffalo, and muntjacs. Among them, species classified as first-class rare and endangered species at the national and provincial levels include Asian elephants, wild buffalo, Indochinese tigers, bee monkeys, white-browed gibbons, macaques, leaf monkeys, black muntjacs, clouded leopards, and clouded leopards. Second-class protected species include gibbons, brown bears, black bears, red pandas, pangolins, otters, marbled cats, masked palm civets, water deer, and goral.

1.2 Birds

There are 335 species and subspecies of birds belonging to 51 families and 18 orders in Yingjiang County, among which Passeriformes account for 220 species and subspecies, or 62.68% of the total bird species in the county. Mainly from the order Pelecaniformes: there are cormorants and black-necked cormorants. From the order Ciconiiformes: there are pond herons, great egrets, Chinese pond herons, and cattle egrets. From the order Anseriformes: there are tree ducks, mallards, spot-billed ducks, and gadwalls. From the order Falconiformes: there are eagles, falcons, vultures, hawks, kites, accipiters, buzzards, buzzards, shrikes, kestrels, merlins, and red-footed falcons. From the order Galliformes: there are pheasants, quails, hill partridges, snowcocks, junglefowls, blood pheasants, peacock pheasants, and green peafowls. From the order Gruiformes: there are yellow-legged buttonquails, red-wattled lapwings, common moorhens, and moorhens. From the order Charadriiformes: there are gulls and black-headed gulls. From the order Columbiformes: there are doves and pigeons. From the order Psittaciformes: there are parrots and parakeets. From the order Cuculiformes: there are cuckoos and coucals. From the order Caprimulgiformes: there are nightjars. From the order Apodiformes: there are swifts. From the order Piciformes: there are woodpeckers. From the order Coraciiformes: there are kingfishers. From the order Passeriformes: there are many species including thrushes, bulbuls, babblers, laughingthrushes, yuhinas, shrikes, drongos, orioles, starlings, mynas, sunbirds, sparrows, finches, buntings, and more. Among them, species classified as first-class and second-class protected species at the national and provincial levels include peacock pheasants, green peafowls, black-necked cormorants, buzzards, eagles, vultures, hawks, accipiters, red-footed falcons, kestrels, merlins, kites, goshawks, shrikes, eagles, moorhens, gulls, doves, pigeons, parrots, bulbuls, thrushes, and many others, totaling 36 species.

1.3 Fish Species

There are 63 species, belonging to 15 families and 6 orders, of which 31 species are in the Cyprinidae family, accounting for 49.2% of the fish species in Yingjiang County. Eel and large loach are newly recorded species. Common species include:

Order Cypriniformes: Barbel chub (Zacco platypus), black carp, grass carp, silver carp, carp, green-scaled carp, yellow-finned carp, Orient gudgeon, Tibetan minnow, gray snow trout, southern snow trout, slender snow trout, few-scaled snow trout, southern common carp, crucian carp, Japanese white crucian carp, densely-spotted loach, multi-striped loach, Yingjiang loach, Burmese sand loach, Irrawaddy sand loach, pointed-mouth sand loach, scaled loach, mudfish.
Order Siluriformes: Asian redtail catfish, stone loach, stone flathead fish.
Order Synbranchiformes: Yellow eel, tilapia, horse mane fish.

1.4 Amphibians and Reptiles

There are 19 species of amphibians belonging to 7 families and 33 species of reptiles belonging to 12 families. Common amphibians include:

Amphibia: Chinese red-knobbed newt, Chinese warty newt, broad-headed horned toad, small horned toad, Chinese giant toad, black-spotted toad, western Chinese tree frog, Chinese tree frog, pond frog, tiger-striped frog, paddy frog, marsh frog, Yunnan frog, bullfrog, stinking frog, brown-spotted tree frog, side-striped small tree frog, Yunnan small narrow-mouthed frog, flower frog.
Common reptiles include:

Reptilia: Turtle, yellow-spotted gecko, gecko, saw-tailed gecko, brown-backed tree lizard, green-backed tree lizard, chameleon, glass lizard, monitor lizard, southern grass lizard, copperhead skink, blind snake, python, water banded krait, tree snake, gray snake, red-necked keelback, bamboo green snake, rat snake, green-spotted keelback, Burmese python, king cobra, green bamboo viper, common krait, Chinese water snake, banded krait, silver-banded snake, cobra, flying snake, green vine snake, flower snake.

1.5 Insects

There are over 400 species, belonging to 107 families and 15 orders. Common species include:

Order Odonata: Damselfly, spring dragonfly, grey dragonfly, slender dragonfly, short dragonfly, yellow dragonfly, rainbow stream dragonfly.
Order Ephemeroptera: Taiwanese mayfly, large-packaged mayfly.
Order Mantodea: Northern giant mantis, Yunnan large-toothed mantis, Chinese fantastic mantis, tiger-beetle mantis.
Order Isoptera: Termite, primitive termite, nose termite, termite.
Order Phasmatodea: Stick insect.
Order Dermaptera: Earwig, ball earwig.
Order Orthoptera: Grasshopper, cricket, mole cricket.
Order Hemiptera: Scale insect, whitefly, froghopper, planthopper, leafhopper, sugarcane leafhopper, sugarcane aphid, cotton aphid.
Order Hemiptera: Stink bug, red stink bug, predatory stink bug.
Order Thysanoptera: Sugarcane thrip, onion thrip.
Order Coleoptera: Ground beetle, Chinese tiger beetle, Japanese tiger beetle, dragon beetle, black-tailed firefly, click beetle, jewel beetle, bark beetle, ladybug, sugarcane weevil, beautiful scarab beetle, longhorn beetle, flat-winged weevil.
Order Trichoptera: Small caddisfly, primitive caddisfly, butterfly caddisfly, spotted caddisfly, hairy caddisfly.
Order Lepidoptera: Moth, hawk moth, tiger moth, noctuid moth, armyworm, butterfly, gray butterfly, white butterfly, wind butterfly, eye butterfly.
Order Hymenoptera: Sawfly, chalcid wasp, chalcid bee, braconid wasp, paper wasp, bee, carpenter bee.
Order Araneae: Java spider, orb-weaver spider, cat spider, tube spider.
During the pest survey in 1980, it was found that the main natural enemy insects of crops were: black parasitoid wasps and yellow-thorn parasitoid wasps as enemies of rice gall midges; seven-spotted ladybugs, multicolored Asian ladybugs, and large-shouldered ladybugs as enemies of aphids; rice lacewings and rice trichogramma wasps as enemies of rice stem borers; parasitoid flies as enemies of sugarcane stem borers; and braconid wasps as enemies of long-horned oak beetles.

2. Wild Plants

2.1 Trees

There are 78 families and over 300 species of important economic trees, including:

Family Pinaceae: Yunnan pine, Simao pine, Huashan pine.
Family Cupressaceae: Wenshan cypress, Chinese cedar, dawn redwood, hemlock.
Family Cupressaceae: Chinese arborvitae, garden cypress, Tibetan cypress, dragon cypress, prickly cypress.
Family Magnoliaceae: White magnolia, faint magnolia, yellow magnolia, velvet leaf magnolia, yellow magnolia, Yulan magnolia, tall magnolia, magnolia, Champaca, white Champaca.
Family Taxaceae: Chinese yew.
Family Lauraceae: Yunnan camphor, camphor tree, hairy camphor, cinnamon, false cinnamon, hairy arrow tree, Litsea cubeba, Cinnamomum porrectum, hairy pepper tree, dense-flowered yellow wood, yellow heart nanmu, Yunnan nanmu, black heart nanmu, Jingdong nanmu.
Family Meliaceae: Toona ciliata, Chinese mahogany, Melia azedarach, Chinaberry.
Family Simaroubaceae: Simarouba, tree of heaven.
Family Fagaceae: Chinese chestnut, chestnut, Yingjiang oak, Quercus acutissima, Tengchong oak, Lithocarpus glaber, Quercus variabilis.
Family Betulaceae: Betula alnoides, Alnus, birch, southwest birch.
Family Ulmaceae: Chinese hackberry, southwest Celtis.
Family Moraceae: Blood-dripping tree, jackfruit, slanted-leaf fig, clustered fig, highland fig, mulberry, Morus australis.
Family Dipterocarpaceae: Yunnan Shorea, deciduous Shorea, Dipterocarpus alatus, Tokyo dipterocarpus, hairy bud dipterocarpus, fine dipterocarpus (Yingjiang dipterocarpus), Saraca indica.
Family Combretaceae: Four-stamen Combretum.
Family Verbenaceae: Yunnan teak, teak.
Family Combretaceae: Terminalia myriocarpa.
Family Fabaceae: Logwood, Cassia fistula, white-flowered Erythrina, flamboyant, Cassia fistula.
Family Rubiaceae: Shiny-leaf water jasmine, heart-leaf water jasmine.
Family Theaceae: Gordonia (red, silver, Yunnan, Indian 4 types), Cleyera japonica, Eurya japonica, wild camellia, white-flowered camellia, thick-skinned.
Family Bombacaceae: Kapok, tree cotton.
Family Fabaceae: Sophora japonica, Erythrina, Indigofera tinctoria, Yunnan Dalbergia.
Family Celastraceae: Celastrus.
Family Myristicaceae: Macaranga denticulata, Calophyllum, Yunnan Myristica.
Family Sterculiaceae: Firmiana simplex, Chinese parasol tree.
Family Salicaceae: Yunnan Populus, river willow, small-leaf Populus.
Family Myricaceae: Dwarf myrica, myrica.
Family Rosaceae: Quince, loquat, Photinia davidsoniae, peach, plum, cherry blossom.
Family Anacardiaceae: Cashew, Chinese sour date, areca nut, lacquer tree.
Family Juglandaceae: Cyclocarya paliurus, wild walnut.
Family Proteaceae: Silver tree, Loquats.
Family Dilleniaceae: Dillenia.
Family Santalaceae: Oil-seed.
Family Rhamnaceae: Jujube, Chinese jujube.

2.2 Rare and Endangered Plants

Nationally protected rare plants include Yunnan Verbenaceae, Trachycarpus fortunei, Alstonia scholaris, white flowered hibiscus, Saraca asoca, Ophiopogon japonicus, Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum, Erythrina, Euonymus yunnanensis, Strychnos nux-vomica, Delavaya toxocarpa, Aristolochia debilis, Heptacodium miconioides, Artocarpus nitidus, Lagerstroemia subcostata, Cinnamomum camphora, Brainea insignis, Siphonodon celastrineus, Saraca asoca, Alnus formosana, Yunnan camphor, Siphonodon celastrineus (only found in Yingjiang County).

Rare plants under national protection include teak, wild lychee, red castanopsis, nanmu, magnolia, Magnolia champaca, Eurycoma longifolia, Persea thunbergii, Machilus nanmu, Eucalyptus deglupta, Tectona grandis, common wild rice. New rare plant distributions in China include Garcinia cowa, Salacca wallichiana, large magnolia, Alstonia scholaris, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Elaeagnus, Anisoptera costata, new plant records in China include Schefflera heptaphylla, Platycerium coronarium, snake fruit, Caryota mitis, fishtail palm. New endemic plant species in China include Garcinia atroviridis, Garcinia subelliptica. Rare and valuable plants include Tokyo dipterocarpus, Dipterocarpus turbinatus, deciduous Shorea, Saraca asoca. Important timber tree species include heart-leaf water jasmine, Toona ciliata, Combretum quadrangulare, Terminalia myriocarpa, southern hemlock. Important aromatic plants include ylang-ylang. Important oil plants include narrow-leafed shining-leaf tree, large-leafed shining-leaf tree, oil melon. Ancient relict plants include Cycas, tree fern.

2.3 Climbing and Herbaceous Plants

There are over 130 species of climbing plants and more than 160 species of common herbaceous plants.

2.4 Fungi

There are 119 species of fungi. Common edible fungi include wood ear, silver ear, three types of chicken fungus (green, yellow, white), chicken fungus flower, shiitake mushroom, straw mushroom, boletus, white ginseng. Poisonous fungi include Amanita, Phallus indusiatus, poisonous polypore.

2.5 Bamboo Species

The main species include Moso bamboo, Ma bamboo, Dragon bamboo, Waijiao dragon bamboo, Xiaoye dragon bamboo, Sweet bamboo, Powder-white-yellow bamboo, Maojiao dragon bamboo, Shengcong mao bamboo, Dahei bamboo, Longbo bamboo, Xiangnuo bamboo, Changye juzhu bamboo, Bitter bamboo, Black-haired Dian bamboo, Big and small bubble bamboo, Thin bamboo, Clustered thin bamboo, Tiao bamboo, Miaozhuzi bamboo, Bubble bamboo, Big Tai bamboo, Tai bamboo, Huanyong cizhu bamboo, Liao ci bamboo, Ci bamboo, Big eye bamboo, Xiaole bamboo, Penglai bamboo, Fengwei bamboo, Indigenous bamboo, Youle bamboo, Grey-green bamboo, Wooden bamboo, Chetong bamboo, Yellow bamboo, Majia bamboo, Green pole bamboo, Buddha belly bamboo, Golden green bamboo, Big Buddha belly bamboo, Gaoshe bamboo, Black-haired giant bamboo, Thorn bamboo, Thorn black bamboo, Square bamboo, Luohan bamboo, Human face bamboo, Purple bamboo, Light bamboo, Golden bamboo, Jade golden bamboo, Daming bamboo, Tea stem bamboo, Mercury bamboo, Umbrella bamboo, Arrow bamboo.

2.6 Wild Medicinal Plants

There are over a thousand species of medicinal plants. According to the 1987 Chinese Medicinal Resources Survey, among the 362 key species surveyed nationwide, Yingjiang County has 153 varieties, and Yunnan Province has an additional 39 varieties, including 22 from the supplementary list. The main bulk medicinal plants include Caokou, Bibo, Houpo, Yinhua, Yujin, Ezhu, Wumei, Shan zha, Wuweizi, Bichengqie, Cang’erzi, Mutiezi, Qianzhangzi, Chuanlianzi, Manjingzi, Shihu (Huangcao), Longdancao, Caoxuejie, Maweilian, Chonglou, Huangjing, Shanyao, Wubeizi, Shidagonglao, Tiandong, Maidong, Mutong, Diaoteng, Jixueteng, Madouling, Gaoliangjiang, Baiji, Xiangfu, Changshan, Fanbaiye, Xuduan, Gusuibu, Muzei, Langdu, Yimucao, Guanzhong. Precious and important medicinal plants include Huanglian, Zhuzi Shen, Zhuye Qi, Shan Yao, Duzhong, Sumu, Shidagonglao, Chuanxiong, Jixueteng, Caowu, Wumei, Yuzhu Shen, Meidengmu, Yanlingcao. Wild cultivated medicinal plants include Huangbai, Hujiu, Shanren, Caoguo, Zicao rong, Banlan root, Zhike, Mugua. In addition, there are still a certain number of main traditional Chinese herbal medicines such as Qianhu, Xuedan, Luofumu, Jiegeng, Luzi, Hongdou kou, Taiwu, Guainiuxi, Roucheng, Fuleng, Tiannanxing, Pugongying, Niuxi, Yujing, Nvzhenzi, Cheqiancao, Cheqianzi, Daqingye, Tongcao, Gegen, Baijiangcao, Banxia, Caodoukou, Jianghuang, Zhuzongcao, Weigen, Qinghao, Dongsangle, Lianxu, Pu Huang, Baimao gen, Gouji, Aiye, Qiancao, Chou lingdan, Madoucao, Guichuisha, Sankezhen, Haitongpi, Ye baihe, Shengma, Daji, Xiaoji, Yiyiren, Leiwan, Yuxingcao, Dengxincao, Langducao, and so on.

Tongbiguan Nature Reserve

Tongbiguan Nature Reserve, centered around Tongbiguan, is one of the 26 nature reserves in the province. Located in the southwest of the county town, it borders Myanmar and serves as a national defense forest. The county’s range extends from the start of the Ximanabang Menglai River to Bongxi Bongshan on the slopes of Da Yingjiang Pao, covering an area of 394,000 mu, accounting for 5.9% of the total area of the county. This includes forest land of 242,900 mu, sparse forest land of 24,300 mu, shrub forest land of 33,400 mu, and non-forest land of 447,000 mu, with cultivated land of 492,000 mu. The reserve is divided into two core areas, Naban and Shiti, and contains abundant and precious native flora and fauna resources, as well as tropical and subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests.

According to surveys conducted by the Provincial Forestry Department’s Resource Department in 58 sample plots, there are 63 families, 103 genera, and 195 species of higher plants. Common existing animals include bee monkeys, white-browed gibbons, Indochinese tigers, clouded leopards, water deer, macaques, stump-tailed macaques, gray leaf monkeys, pangolins, pythons, green peacocks, jungle fowl, white-shouldered ibises, and crowned barbets. Units such as the Kunming Institute of Zoology have discovered many new bird species in the Nabang Dam area, such as the red-legged falcon, bamboo woodpecker, red-billed, wooden bird, and tree magpie.

In the past, Asian elephants were often found in the Jieliang River and Nanben River areas, and wild buffalo were common in Jingzhai and Shiti areas. However, due to the development of tropical regions, forest destruction, and intensified hunting, the species and numbers of current animals have sharply declined. Wild buffalo and elephants were discovered in the 1970s, but information on their existence has become increasingly scarce. The main rare tree species protected by the nature reserve include various Bodhisattvas, mysore sandalwood, Yunnan boxwood, various camphor trees, octagonal trees, tall smiles, nanmu, thousand-fruit olive kernels, red-flowered vine yellow, big fruit vine yellow, as well as ferns, deer antlers, and fan-shaped trees.

There are national first- and second-class protection animals like white-browed gibbons, Indochinese tigers, bee monkeys, gray leaf monkeys, water deer, green peacocks, horned birds, pythons, etc.

盈江县生物资源丰富，高等植物有六千余种，动物亦在万种以上。据调查，仅西部边境那邦一带3000平方米样方内，就有高等植物132属，157种，其中木本植物33种。由于地处低纬度和特殊地理环境，部份地区基本尚保持野生动植物的原始生态型。

1. 野生动物

1.1 兽 类

有57种，分属27科10目。主要为食虫目：有鼹鼠、水鼠、臭鼠、小长尾鼠。翼手目：有大蹄蝠、中蹄蝠、小菊头蝠、黑须鞘尾蝠。皮翼目：有马来亚飞鼯。灵长目：懒猴、熊猴、猕猴、灰叶猴、白眉长臂猿。鳞甲目：穿山甲。食肉类：小熊猫(九节狼)、棕熊(马熊)、黑熊(狗熊)、狐狸、狼、豺、貉、破脸狗(花面狸)、熊狸、大灵猫、小灵猫、豹猫、云豹(草豹)、孟加拉虎、金钱豹、猪獾、狗獾、水懒等。长鼻目：亚州象。兔形目：灰尾兔(高原兔)。啮齿目：赤腹松鼠、喜马拉雅旱懒、豪猪、马来豪猪、竹鼠、巢鼠、小鼠、大板齿鼠、长尾攀鼠、青毛鼠等。偶蹄目：野猪、赤麂、青麂、水鹿、野牛、苏门羚等。其中属国家、省级一类珍稀濒危保护的有亚洲象、野牛、印支虎、蜂猴、白眉长臂猿、熊猴、叶猴、黑麂、金钱豹、云豹。二类保护的有猕猴、马熊、狗熊、小熊猫、穿山甲、水獭、大灵猫、小灵猫、水鹿、苏门羚。

1.2 鸟 类

335种和亚种，分属51科18目，其中雀形目220种和亚种，占盈江县鸟类总数的62．68％。主要为鹈形目：有鸬鹚、黑颈鸬鹚。鹳形目：有池鹭、白鹭、绿鹭、牛背鹭。雁形目：树鸭、赤麻鸭、绿翅鸭、斑嘴鸭。隼形目：苍鹰、凤头鹰、秃鹫、鹗、栗鸢、松雀鹰、普通鹰、黑兀鹫、鹊鹞、红腿小隼、燕隼、红隼。鸡形目：鹧鸪、鹌鹑、红腹角雉、白鹇、原鸡、白腹锦鸡、孔雀雉、绿孔雀。鹤形目：黄脚三趾鹑、棕三趾鹑、普通秧鸡、红胸田鸡、棕背田鸡、董鸡、红骨顶。鸥形目：黄嘴河燕鸥、黑腹燕鸥。鸽形目：针尾绿鸠、山皇鸠、点斑林鸽、灰林鸽、斑尾鹃鸽、山斑鸠、火斑鸠、珠颈斑鸠。鹦形目：绯胸鹦鹉、灰头鹦鹉。鹃形目：鹰鹃、大杜鹃、栗斑杜鹃、八声杜鹃、翠金鹃、乌鹃、绿嘴地鹃、褐翅鸦鹃。夜鹰目：普通夜鹰。雨燕目：小白腰雨燕、棕雨燕、短嘴金丝燕。咬鹃目：红头咬鹃。佛法僧目：冠鱼狗、斑鱼狗、普通翠鸟、白胸翡翠、绿喉蜂虎、棕胸佛法僧、戴胜、双角犀鸟。雀形目：长尾阔嘴鸟、栗头八色鸫、小云雀、棕沙燕、斑腰燕、田鹨、树鹨、粉红山椒鸟、红耳鹎、凤头鹦嘴鹎、黑翅雀鹎、金额叶鹎、红尾伯劳、灰背伯劳、黑头黄鹂、栗色黄鹂、黑卷尾、小盘尾、大盘尾、椋鸟、八哥、松鸦、喜鹊、乌鸦、白喉短翅鸫、红点颏、黑胸歌鸲、鹊鸲、灰背燕尾、蓝矶鸫、白眉地鸫、斑鸫、棕头幽鹛、金眼鹛雀、画眉、相思鸟、希鹛、雀鹛、奇鹛、凤鹛、鸦雀、柳莺、地莺、树莺、芦莺、翁莺、翁山雀、褐喉旋木雀、啄花鸟、太阳鸟、绣眼鸟、麻雀、梅花雀、文鸟、黑头金翅雀、朱雀、血雀。其中属国家、省一级保护的有孔雀雉、绿孔雀。属二级保护的有黑颈鸬鹚、栗鸢、苍鹰、风头鹰、松雀鹰、秃鹫、黑兀鹫、鹊鹞、鹗、红腿小隼、燕隼、红隼、红腹角雉、白鹇、原鸡、白腹锦鸡、棕背田鸡、青脚鹬、黄嘴河燕鸥、针尾绿鸠、山皇鸠、斑尾鹃鸽、绯胸鹦鹉、灰头鹦鹉、褐翅鸦鹃、绿喉蜂虎、双角犀鸟、长尾阔嘴鸟、栗头八色鸫等36种。

1.3 鱼 类

有63种，分属15科6目，其中鲤科31种，占盈江县鱼类的49．2％。鳗鱼、大刺鳅为新分布种。常见的有鲤形目：马口鱼(尖嘴鱼)、青鱼、草鱼、鲢鱼、桥街结鱼(鲤鱼)、绿鳞鱼、黄鳍结鱼、东方墨头鱼(癞鼻子鱼)、西藏墨头鱼(麻鱼)、灰裂腹鱼(细鳞鱼)、南方裂腹鱼(白鱼)、细身裂腹鱼(黄鳝鱼)、少鳞裂腹鱼(冷水花)、华南鲤(红尾巴鲤鱼)、鲫鱼、白鲫鱼(日本白鲫)、密纹条鳅、多纹条鳅、盈江条鳅、缅甸沙鳅、伊洛瓦底沙鳅、突吻沙鳅、鳞头鳅(沙鳅)、泥鳅。鲇形目：胡子鲇(挑手鱼)、石爬子、石扁头。合鳃鱼目：黄鳝、罗非鱼、马鬃鱼。

1.4 两栖、爬行类

两栖纲7科19种，爬行纲12科33种。常见的两栖纲有红瘰疣螈、东方蝾螈、宽头大角蟾、小角蟾、中华大蟾蜍、黑眶蟾蜍、华西雨蛙、中国雨蛙、泽蛙、虎纹蛙、田鸡、沼蛙、滇蛙、牛蛙、花臭蛙、斑腿树蛙、侧条小树蛙、云南小狭口蛙、花姬蛙等。爬行纲有乌龟、黄斑蜥虎、壁虎、锯尾蜥虎、棕背树蜥、绿背树蜥、变色树蜥、脆蛇蜥、巨蜥、华南草蜥、铜楔蜥、盲蛇、蟒蛇、水赤链蛇、过树蛇、灰鱼蛇、红脖子游蛇、竹杆青游蛇、乌稍蛇、灰鼠蛇、绿斑锦蛇、缅甸游蛇、黑眉。绵蛇、青竹标蛇、秤杆蛇、中国水蛇、金环蛇、银环蛇、眼镜蛇、草上飞、绿鸭蛇、菜花蛇等。

1.5 昆虫类

四百多种，分属107科15目。常见的有蜻蜓目：猛叶春蜓、史独棘尾蜻、霜灰蜻、尖腹蜻、姬短蜻、黄蜻、虹溪蜻。蜉蝣目：台湾似溪蜉、大包囊蜉。螳螂目：华北大螳螂、云南大齿螳、中华怪螳、虎甲螳。等翅目：木白蚁、原白蚁、鼻白蚁、白蚁。竹节虫目：竹节虫(断肠草2)。革翅目：蠼螋、球螋。直翅目：蝗、蟋蟀、蝼蛄。同翅目：蚧、粉虱、沫蝉、飞虱、叶蝉、甘蔗叶蝉、甘蔗绵蚜、棉蚜。半翅目：方蝽、红蝽、猎蝽。缨翅目：甘蔗蓟马、葱蓟马。鞘翅目：步甲、中国虎甲、日本虎甲、龙虱、黑尾黄萤、叩头虫、吉丁虫、小蠹虫、瓢虫、蔗龟、丽金龟、天牛、扁平长翅象。毛翅目：小石蛾、原石蛾、蝶石蛾、斑石蛾、毛石蛾。鳞翅目：暝、天蛾、灯蛾、虎蛾、夜蛾、粘虫、蛱蝶、灰蝶、粉蝶、风蝶、眼蝶、膜翅目：直立叶蜂、姬蜂、金小蜂、赤眼蜂、胡蜂、马蜂、蜜蜂、木蜂。蜘蛛目：瓜哇肖蛸、园蛛、猫蛛、管巢蛛等。

1980年病虫普查中发现，农作物主要天敌昆虫是：稻瘿蚊天敌有单胚黑蜂、黄柄黑蜂；蚜虫天敌瓢虫类有七星瓢虫、异色瓢虫、大突肩瓢虫；水稻螟虫天敌有稻暝蛉、稻赤眼蜂；甘蔗暝虫天敌寄蝇；长角栎天牛天敌肿腿蜂等。

2. 野生植物

2.1 乔 木

有78科300多种重要经济乔木，其中主要有松科：云南松、思茅松、华山松。杉科：文山杉、柳杉、秃杉、铁杉。柏科：侧柏、园柏、藏柏、龙柏、刺柏。木兰科：白花木莲、淡玉兰、黄素含笑、绒叶含笑、黄兰、玉兰、高大含笑、木兰、缅桂、白缅桂。三尖杉科：粗榧。樟科：云南樟、香樟、细毛樟、肉桂、假桂皮树、毛尖树、木姜子、香果树、毛叶山胡椒、密花黄肉楠、黄心楠、滇楠、乌心楠、景东楠。楝科：红椿、香椿、苦楝、麻楝、葱臭木。苦木科：苦木、臭椿。壳斗科：锥栗、板栗、盈江青岗、刺栲、腾冲栲、石栎、麻栎、母猪栎。桦木科：旱冬瓜、桤木、糙皮桦、西南桦。榆科：朴树、西南紫弹果、毛榆。桑科：见血封喉、树菠萝、斜叶榕、聚果榕、高山榕、桑、马桑、榨桑。龙脑香科：云南娑罗双、落叶娑罗双、羯布罗香、东京龙脑香、毛芽龙脑香、纤细龙脑香(盈江龙脑香)、无忧花。海桑科：八宝树。四数木科：四数木。马鞭草科：云南石梓、柚木。使君子科：榆绿木、千果榄仁。苏木科：苏木、腊肠树、白花羊蹄果、凤凰木、铁刀木。茜草科：光叶水锦树、心叶水团花。山茶科：木荷(红、银、滇、印度4种)、柃木、岗柃、野山茶、白花油茶、厚皮香。木棉科：木棉、攀枝花。蝶形花科：牛肋巴、刺桐、秧青、滇黄檀。卫矛科：美登木。肉豆蔻科：风吹楠、红光树、云南肉豆蔻。梧桐科：昂天莲、梧桐、苹娑。杨柳科：滇山杨、河岸柳、小叶山柳。杨梅科：矮杨梅、杨梅。蔷薇科：木瓜、枇杷、滇缅石楠、山桃、李、梅、樱花。漆树科：腰果、南酸枣、槟榔青、漆树。胡桃科：黄杞、野核桃。山龙眼科：银华树、倮倮栗果、山龙眼。山柚子科：山柑。檀香科：油葫芦。鼠李科：拐枣、滇枣。

2.2 珍稀、濒危植物

列入国家重点保护的珍稀植物有云南石梓、山白芏、榆绿木、箭毒木、四数木、老虎须、岩梧桐、毛鸦旦子、火烧花、白柱木、云南七叶树、滇波罗蜜、云南紫薇、厚朴、扇蕨、阿萨母娑罗双、毛芽龙脑香，盈江龙脑香目前仅盈江县分布。列入国家保护的稀有植物有柚木、野荔枝、红锥、楠木、木莲、合果含笑、番龙眼、琼楠、桢楠、鹅掌木秋、铁力木、普通野稻。国内稀有新分布植物有木果藤黄、芒果槟榔青、高大含笑、粉背韶子、直立省藤、省藤、滇藏榄。国内新记录植物有塔扇树、鹿角蕨、蛇皮果、瓦理棕、鱼尾葵。国内特有新种植物有红萼藤黄、双子藤黄。珍贵稀有植物有东京龙脑香、羯布罗香、落叶娑罗双、无忧花。珍贵重要用材树种有心叶水团花、红椿、八宝树、千果榄仁、南方铁杉。重要香料植物有依兰。重要油料植物有狭叶红光树、大叶红光树、油瓜。古生孑遗植物有苏铁、树蕨。

2.3 藤本、草本植物

藤本植物科、130多种。常见草本植物160多种。

2.4 菌 类

119种。常见食用菌有木耳、银耳、鸡宗(青、黄、白3种)、鸡宗花、香菇、草菇、牛肝菌、白参；毒菌有毒蝇伞、鬼笔伞、毒粉褶菌等。

2.5 竹 类

主要种类有牡竹、麻竹、龙竹、歪脚龙竹、小叶龙竹、甜竹、粉白黄竹、毛脚龙竹、生丛毛竹、大黑竹、龙波竹、香糯竹、长叶巨竹、苦竹、黑毛滇竹、大小泡竹、薄竹、丛生薄竹、条竹、 苗竹子、泡竹、大泰竹、泰竹、焕镛刺竹、料慈竹、慈竹、大眼竹、小勒竹、蓬莱竹、凤尾竹、乡土竹、油勒竹、灰绿竹、木竹、车筒竹、黄竹、马甲竹、青杆竹、佛肚竹、，黄金间碧竹、大佛肚竹、高舌竹、黑毛巨竹、刺竹、刺黑竹、方竹、罗汉竹、人面竹、紫竹、淡竹、金竹、碧玉黄金竹、大明竹、茶杆竹、水银竹、伞把竹、箭竹。

2.6 野生植物药材

药用植物一千余种。据1987年中药资源普查，在“全国中药资源普查重点品种表”规定普查的362种中，盈江县有153个品种，云南省补充的39个品种中，有22种。主要大宗药材有草扣、荜拨、厚朴、银花、郁金、莪术、乌梅、山楂、五味子、毕橙茄、苍耳子、木鳖子、千张子、川楝子、蔓荆子、石斛(黄草)、龙胆草、草血竭、马尾连、重蒌、黄精、山药、五倍子、十大功劳、天冬、麦冬、木通、钓藤、鸡血藤、马兜玲、高良姜、白芨、香附、常山、翻白叶、续断、骨碎补、木贼、狼毒、益母草、贯众。珍贵、重要药材有黄连、珠子参、竹叶七、山药、杜仲、苏木、十大功劳、川芎、鸡血藤、草乌、乌梅、玉竹参、美登木、延龄草。野生种植药材有黄柏、胡椒、砂仁、草果、紫草绒、板兰根、枳壳、木瓜。此外，尚有一定数量分布的主要中草药品种为前胡、雪胆、萝芙木、桔梗、芦子、红豆扣、台乌、拐牛膝、肉桂、茯苓、天南星、蒲公英、牛夕、玉京、女贞子、车前草、车前子、大青叶、通草、葛根、败浆草、半夏、草豆蔻、姜黄、猪宗草、苇根、青蒿、冬桑叶、莲须、莆黄、白茅根、狗脊、艾叶、茜草、臭灵胆、马鞭草、鬼吹哨、三棵针、海桐皮、野百合、升麻、大蓟、小蓟、薏苡仁、雷丸、鱼腥草、灯芯草、狼毒草等。

3. 铜壁关自然保护区

铜壁关为中心的自然保护区，是全省26个自然保护区之一，位于县城西南部，与缅甸接壤，亦为国防林。县内范围从昔马那邦勐来河起，至刀弄、南开、浪速、石梯、格夺、大盈江坡面的蚌希崩山，面积39．4万亩，占全县总面积的5．9％，其中有林地24．29万亩，疏林地2．43万亩，灌木林地3．34万亩，无林地4．47万亩，耕地4．92万亩。保护区分那邦、石梯两个核心区，区内有丰富珍贵的原生动植物资源和热带亚热带常绿阔叶林。据省林业厅资源处58个样地的调查，有高等植物63科，103属，195种；现存动物中常见的有蜂猴、白眉长臂猿、印支虎、云豹、水鹿、弥猴、短尾猴、灰叶猴、穿山甲、蟒蛇、绿孔雀、原鸡、白闲鸟、冠斑犀鸟等。据昆明动物所等单位考察，还在那邦坝发现了不少鸟类新种，如红腿小隼、竹啄木鸟、红咀、木京鸟、树鹊等。过去，在竭羊河、南奔河一带，亚洲象经常出没，金竹寨、石梯一带常有野牛。但随着热带区的开发，森林的破坏，捕猎的加剧，现动物的种类和数量都在急剧锐减。野牛、大象70年代曾有发现，后存在信息越来越少。自然保护区主要保护的珍稀树种是多种娑罗汉、柚木、云南石梓、多种椿树、八宝树、高大含笑、楠木、千果榄仁、红萼藤黄、大果藤黄以及苏铁、鹿角藤、塔扇树等。属国家一、二类保护动物有白眉长臂猿、印支虎、蜂猴、灰叶猴、水鹿、绿孔雀、犀鸟、蟒蛇等。