Wenxian Gate Tower of Dali Old Town in Dali City
Introduction
Wenxian Gate Tower (文献楼) is situated one kilometer outside the south gate of Dali Old Town (大理古城) in Dali City (大理市), Yunnan Province (云南省). This tower is not only an architectural highlight but also serves as the first significant scenic spot for visitors entering Dali Old Town, symbolizing the rich cultural heritage of the region.
Reconstruction
The current structure of Wenxian Tower was reconstructed in 1999, enhancing its historical and architectural significance while maintaining traditional Bai style elements.
Historical Background
Why Dali is the “Land of Literature”
The title “Land of Literature” (文献之邦) associated with Dali has deep historical roots. Several ancient tales are intertwined with Dali’s legacy, including Han Xi Lou Chuan (汉习楼船), Tang Biao Tie Zhu (唐标铁柱), Song Hui Yu Fu (宋挥玉斧), and Yuan Kua Ge Nang (元跨革囊). Archaeological evidence shows that Dali was the center of ancient civilization in Yunnan, with human activities dating back to the Neolithic period.
Cultural Significance
Dali was a crucial hub along the Ancient Tea Horse Road (茶马古道) and was one of the earliest established regions in Yunnan. The establishment of Ye Yu (叶榆), now Dali, dates back to the second year of the Yuanfeng period of the Western Han Dynasty (公元前109年). The region’s fertile lands facilitated agriculture and sericulture.
During the Nanzhao Kingdom (南诏国) era, Dali became a political, economic, and cultural center. The kingdom, supported by the Tang Dynasty, developed strong ties with the Central Plains, embracing Han culture. This cultural amalgamation led to significant achievements in architecture, sculpture, and painting. The renowned Three Pagodas of Chongsheng Temple (崇圣寺三塔) and the Shibao Mountain Grottoes (石宝山石窟) are notable examples.
Contributions of Notable Figures
In 1680, during the 19th year of the Kangxi Emperor’s reign (清康熙), Pantu (偏图), a leader from the Han army’s White Banner, played a pivotal role in suppressing Wu Sangui (吴三桂). His repeated military successes earned him a promotion to Governor of Yunnan. Pantu spent 15 years in Dali, deeply appreciating its cultural richness. He petitioned the Qing Dynasty for a plaque inscribed with “Wenxian Mingbang” (文献名邦), which is prominently displayed at Wenxian Tower today.
Architectural Features
Wenxian Tower is a two-story building designed in the traditional Bai architectural style. Its wooden structure is characterized by:
- Stately Appearance: The tower features a magnificent brick and stone archway that adds grandeur to its presence.
- Couplets: It has two pairs of couplets. One notable couplet, penned by the modern scholar Zhou Ren (周仁), highlights the cultural essence of Dali:
溯汉唐以还，张叔传经，杜公讲学，硕彦通儒代有人，
莫让文献遗风暗消在新潮流外；
登楼台而望，鹫岭夕阳，鹤桥小路，熙来攮往咸安业。
但愿妙香古国常住于大世界中。
- Surrounding Scenery: The tower overlooks a picturesque landscape, with willows lining the pathway to the south entrance of Dali Old Town, creating a serene atmosphere.
How to Get There
Wenxian Tower is easily accessible from the center of Dali Old Town. Visitors can walk to the south gate, following the signs for approximately one kilometer to reach the tower. Additionally, local buses and taxis operate along this route, providing convenient transportation options.
Travel Tips
- Best Time to Visit: Spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November) are ideal for pleasant weather and beautiful scenery.
- Local Cuisine: Be sure to try local specialties, such as “Dali cheese” (大理乳酪) and “grilled fish” (烤鱼), which are popular among visitors.
- Cultural Etiquette: Respect local customs, especially when engaging with Bai cultural practices. It’s common to greet locals with a smile.
- Photography: The best lighting for photography occurs in the early morning and late afternoon. Capture the scenic views from the tower and the charming streets of Dali Old Town.
- Nearby Attractions: Consider visiting other attractions in Dali, such as Erhai Lake (洱海), Cangshan Mountain (苍山), and the ancient town’s local markets.
