Xueshan Academy in Lijiang Old Town
Introduction
Xueshan Academy (雪山书院), founded in the first year of the Yongzheng era (1723) by Yang Shen (杨馝), the first official governor of Lijiang after the “tu gui liu” reform, has a rich history. Over the years, especially in 1893 under Governor Chen Zonghai (陈宗海) and the late Qing scholar Geng Ji (庚吉), significant renovations transformed the academy into a magnificent institution, featuring an impressive library and spacious classrooms.
Historical Background
In 1905, with the abolishment of the imperial examination system and the promotion of schools, Xueshan Academy completed its educational mission after 180 years. During this time, it nurtured two Hanlin scholars, seven Jinshi, sixty-one Juren, twelve vice-examinees, and numerous other candidates, marking a significant development in the cultural education of the Naxi (纳西) ethnic area and symbolizing a pivotal moment when local commoners gained access to Han cultural education.
Chinese Name: 雪山书院
Location: 丽江古城 (Lijiang Old Town)
Founder: 杨馝 (Yang Shen)
Founded in: 雍正元年 (1723)
Notable Figures: 和庚吉 (Geng Ji)
Opening Hours: 周六14:30-16:00 (Saturdays, 14:30-16:00)
Development of Education
In 1907, Xueshan Academy established the Lijiang Encouragement Society, the predecessor of the Lijiang Education Bureau during the Republic of China. The first head of the society was Zhou Wei (周暐), a local scholar. Later, Lijiang governor Peng Jizhi (彭继志) initiated the Lijiang Baihua Newspaper, making it the first vernacular newspaper in Yunnan Province. Moreover, the establishment of the Lijiang Type Foundry at the academy became the birthplace of lead type printing in Yunnan.
After 1912, Xueshan Academy also established elementary schools but was later converted into a military base, suffering significant damage. Only the library’s collection remained, moved to Yuhuang Pavilion (玉皇阁).
Achievements
Xueshan Academy has historically produced a multitude of talents who significantly contributed to the cultural and educational advancements of the Naxi region, achieving recognition in Northwestern Yunnan. From its founding until the abolition of the examination system in 1905, it produced:
- 2 Hanlin scholars
- 7 Jinshi
- 61 Juren
- 12 vice-examinees
- 28 outstanding candidates
The academy’s establishment marked a crucial step in providing opportunities for local commoners to pursue education in Confucian classics and participate in the civil examination system.
Prior to the academy’s establishment, Lijiang was under a semi-closed state regarding Han culture, with local regulations preventing commoners from reading or taking part in exams. The academy opened doors for students from commoner backgrounds, enabling them to pursue scholarly and civil responsibilities.
The Cultural Significance of Xueshan Academy
Xueshan Academy not only served as the highest institution of Han culture education in Lijiang but also became the cradle of education in the region. It played a pivotal role in the emergence of Yunnan’s first vernacular newspaper and lead type printing, making it an essential part of the World Cultural Heritage of Lijiang Old Town.
The revival of Xueshan Academy has ushered in new opportunities for the cultural and historical tourism of Lijiang, currently housing over 20,000 books, aiming to establish itself as a cultural landmark.
Lijiang Forum
In November 2011, Xueshan Academy announced its revival during the launch of “The Chronicle of the World Cultural Heritage Lijiang Old Town.” Starting in 2012, it hosts the Lijiang Forum every Saturday, focusing on topics like history, culture, and social sciences, aiming to excavate history and promote cultural wisdom.
In August 2018, the Lijiang Old Town Protection Bureau, along with Beijing North Education Cultural Media Co., launched the “Lijiang Old Town Celebrity Forum” at Xueshan Academy, featuring prominent scholars and discussions that bridge ancient and modern wisdom.
Collection of Books
The academy’s library, recorded in historical texts, has evolved over time. Significant donations from local officials and scholars have enriched its collection, which includes over 800 volumes of various texts, making it a crucial resource for public literature in Lijiang.
Headmasters
Over its 180-year history, Xueshan Academy had fourteen known headmasters, including Wan Xianyuan (万咸燕), the first headmaster, who played a crucial role in its establishment. He is noted for his contributions to the historical records of Lijiang.
Teacher-Student Relationships
Teaching at Xueshan Academy emphasized rigor. One notable teacher, Yang Nu (杨怒), was known for his strict teaching style, insisting that students memorize texts thoroughly. The academy fostered a culture of respect for teachers, which persisted even into the Republic of China era.
How to Get There
Xueshan Academy is located in Lijiang Old Town. You can reach Lijiang by flying into Lijiang Sanyi Airport (丽江三义机场) and taking a taxi or shuttle bus to the Old Town. Once in Lijiang, the academy is within walking distance of major attractions.
Travel Tips
- Best Time to Visit: Spring and autumn are ideal for pleasant weather.
- Cultural Etiquette: Show respect in traditional settings and during lectures.
- Photography: Check for permissions before taking photos inside the academy.
- Local Cuisine: Try local Naxi dishes at nearby restaurants.
